Innovation in organizations

I. Innovation is a necessary element for the sustainability of technology-based organizations. Innovation however, is believed to be an ongoing process. The five main challenges of innovation faced by organizations are generation of ideas, the environment, protecting the idea, execution of the idea to create a substantial outcome, and persuasion, or changing the image of the product among the potential buyers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Innovation in organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generation of new ideas is the most essential part of sustaining innovation within organizations. When there are no new ideas, there can hardly be innovation. However, here idea does not just imply a thought striking a simpleton. Rather, it is the solution to a problem; a problem that the organization strives to solve. In case of Samsung, it is observed that Jong Yong Yun as the new CEO changed many of the oper ations of the company. Earlier, Samsung was primarily a company that aped the technology of more successful companies like Sony or Mitsubishi and created their own products. These products were deliberately priced low in order to cater to customers who, due to lower budget, would end up purchasing their products. However, once Yun took over the company, he realized that the best possible way to make the company stop from making loses is to turn its innovation strategy. Earlier, Samsung did not innovate. Rather it aped technology and design of premiere brands. He pushed the company to develop its own products. He stressed on innovating new products rather than replicating products of Sony or other companies. The stress on innovation and generation of new ideas for the sake of development of new and futuristic products that are called the â€Å"wow products† became the insignia for the new strategy that Yun had for the company. The stress on product development was shifted from aping of established technology to development of attractive designs and advanced technology. Two strategies that were adopted by Samsung in order to help in idea generation are – Samsung shifted its focus from aping the products of higher end, premiere brands like Sony, and concentrated in generation of new products, especially those with advanced technology and innovative designs. Yun hired young and fresh engineers and managers in order to change the orientation of the company. The environment of generation of the idea is essential, as this would help the employees work and produce a conducive surrounding for flow of ideas. In a highly bureaucratic organization, flow of idea is constrained by various rules, regulations, and hierarchical norms. The environment of the organization was changed in order to create a sustained environment for generation of ideas. The two strategies employed by Samsung to create a proper environment for idea generation are: Yun discarded the bureaucratic structure of the organization and changed the structure to a merit based system in order to motivate these new young managers and engineers. The culture of the organization was changed from one that was essentially of old nature where seniority and hierarchy gained preferences. This allowed managers to go through fewer hierarchical layers to produce their idea at the right place. Ideas generated must be protected. In a highly competitive digital market, Samsung had to ensure that it created an advanced technology and retained exclusivity of the product. The idea become common once its availability is rampant. In order to maintain exclusivity of its innovation Samsung adopted the following strategy:Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to remain ahead of the other companies in LCD technology market, and encouraging innovation, Samsung sources half of i ts filters from Sumitomo Chemical Company of Japan and the rest half it sources internally. This enables the company to hold an upper hand over its competitors as they are in a position to source their own screens for LCD technology. Further, reducing the time from idea generation to production from one year to six months also helps the company to support innovation. Ideas are not enough for a manufacturing company to create profit. These ideas once formulated must be put into place. The creation of the ideas into concrete outcome is an essential step in generation of innovation. An idea in itself is just an abstract concept, however, once it is given a tangible form, it becomes innovation. Samsung employs the following strategies to help its employees to give form to the ideas generated: Ideas generated by the innovation team were quickly processed through hassle free organizational structure. As Samsung’s new strategy was to concentrate more on manufacturing, the innovati ve ideas generated by the managers and engineers were immediately processed through the production process. The company also adopted steps to make the process more competitive in order to speed up the production process. New products once manufactured must also be accepted by the market. If the market for the new product is not developed this would just leave the products in the warehouses increase inventory cost and mounting losses. In order to avoid this step the company employed the following strategy: Samsung employed a new strategy of marketing and hired a new marketing head. The company produced customer-oriented products such that they could product the products that would tab the unfulfilled needs of the customers. How did Jong Yong Yun incorporate the five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation into the reorganization of Samsung in 1996-1998? Please list 2 arguments for each dimension. II. The five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation are innovation, autonomy, ri sk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and being proactive. Jong Yong Yun as CEO of Samsung displayed all of the above five entrepreneurial orientations. Yun operated almost autonomously in changing the structure and the strategy of the company. Yun encouraged innovation through hiring of new and young engineers and forged a competitive culture that nurtured innovative product development. The whole process of changing the strategy of the company was a risk that Yun had taken. Further, changing the culture of a company completely is also a risky task that Yun employed. Further Yun aimed to make Samsung a premiere brand when it had the reputation of being a low-cost product was also a risky adventure. Yun’s competitive aggressiveness helped Samsung become more innovative and achieve the position of one of premiere brands of the world. Yun did not wait for ideas to come to him. He went about making changes as and where he felt it necessary. His proactive decision-making helped the company to achieve a new height of success. III. The international strategy adopted by Samsung is to project itself as a company provides innovative, stylistic, and high quality products. in order to project itself as a brand that nurtures innovation, the company employed one advertising agency that looked after its promotions globally.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Innovation in organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They helped Samsung create this new image. Further, Samsung stopped selling products through chains like Wal-Mart and K-Mart that had the reputation of selling cheap products. Instead, it started marketing its products through higher end chains. This helped Samsung change its strategy and internally project itself as a premiere brand. IV. Yun has been a successful leader to transform the company from a loss making, low-end digital manufacturer to an international premiere brand. The transformation was done by employing the following steps. Setting a direction: Yun from the very beginning aimed at making Samsung a premiere brand. His idea was to change the image of the company and produce products that would suit that new image. That is why he stopped the production of low-end replicated technology products and stressed on innovation and product development. Yun also created a structure that would sustain this innovative culture. Designing the organization: In order to create a new organization, Yun changed the structure and culture of the organization. Samsung’s hierarchical structure was changed to have fewer layers to stop bureaucracy. Secondly, he also created an environment that would nature innovation within the organization. Innovation became the key to the success of the company. Nurturing a culture dedicated to excellence and ethical behavior: culture is an essential element that nurtures successful innovation. Yun believed that he had to cr eate an organization that innovated from within and not through replication. Therefore, Yun hired young minds who would brainstorm in a different, more open and energetic environment to create new ideas and put it into implementation. Another endeavor in this direction was setting up the innovation lab in Seoul that natured futuristic design and technology. This case study on Innovation in organizations was written and submitted by user Cristina Wells to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Extreme Enviroments essays

Extreme Enviroments essays Extreme Environments This video shows how the animals survive in the wilderness. It shows how they are adapted to surviving in their own environment. These animals have been gifted with the abilities to survive the situations that are put up against them. The first thing the movie showed was the adaptability of spiders. A scientist roped off a large area and captured spiders and then tested them for a research experiment. She then found out that the hybrid spring spiders did not want to mate with the aggressive mountain spiders. Next the video showed how the cheetah runs and how it is able to run that fast. It also showed how the foghorn runs and said it had a large motor and a good transmission. That means that it could run at a fast pace for a long time. The foghorn is a distant cousin of the antelope and both of these animals can run very fast for a long time. The cheata on the other hand can run faster but not for a long length of time. After the cheetah sprints, or runs its fastest it will be weak for around about thirty minutes to an hour. This makes the cheetah a very talented animal because it has to know when to use its abilities and when to save them for the real need for them is present. The video also showed a man and a team of experts exploring the long lost world of the deep ocean parts. They used a small submarine to travel about two thousand feet below the surface of the ocean. The man said before they got to their wanted depth, It will be so dark down here it will be like looking up and then only seeing only a tiny bit of sunlight through a crack in a door. Once the descent began he said,It is like a whole different world down here, like something you would see off star trek. As they were descending down toward the bottom of the ocean floor they saw plenty of sea creatures. The man told the other guy that the creature he sucked up i...

A lesson in opportunity

â€Å"Nature’s bequest gives nothing, but doth lend; And, being frank, she lends to those are free†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦The pencil in my left hand scratches Shakespeare’s fourth sonnet laboriously across the notebook paper lying on my father’s desk as the dreary rain patters lightly on the screen door to my left. Somehow, the rain gives solace to my melancholy: as the weather cycles emulate the constant changes in the world around me, they remind me that the only constant is change itself. However cliche and ambiguous an idea that is, it is comforting to know that there is some order in this forever-changing world, that the water in an ocean thousands of miles away will continue to evaporate, condense, and fall on my North Texas rooftop, no matter what goes on in my slightly insignificant life. Why, you may be thinking, am I copying the sonnets of Shakespeare on this drab evening? Why this, instead of just reading them? Or why with my left hand, when I am in fact right-handed? I was in no adventurous accident, have broken no bones in my right hand, and no firearm is being held to my brunette head, despite what you may think would be necessary to get a 16-year-old girl to copy 500-year-old poems. Rewind a few hours. I’m sitting in the senior center of the hospital where I volunteer, highlighting admittance forms, pausing now and then to explain to a patient in slightly-too-loud tones that they missed this line, that they were supposed to sign here, laughing comfortingly and assuring them that â€Å"these forms are so complicated,† highlighting and wondering to myself why they are so complicated, and why exactly the patients have to sign the same forms every time they come in for an appointment? My right hand grows tired. I decide to use my left hand and decide that I would like to teach myself to write with my left hand. I’m grounded, after all, for the first time in my life†¦why not take advantage of this daunting week-long house-arrest? I come home, pick up the complete works of Shakespeare I got for five dollars at my favorite book-reseller last week, turn from the page of Romeo and Juliet that I was reading for the fourth or fifth time last night, and scavenge for a pencil. After three some-odd sonnets, I have yet to see any marked improvement, but remain confident that by the time I get to the 154th, at the end of my long week of nothing but work and volunteering, my left-handed writing with be somewhat decipherable. While my slightly insignificant life continues on in the (maybe a little eccentric) way I just described, the cosmos far beyond the dull-gray stratus clouds above continue their elaborate movements, their endless dance above and infinitely beyond the scope of our finite realm. In this finite realm, while at the bookstore the other day, in addition to Shakespeare’s complete works, I picked up Virgil’s Aeneid, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Voltaire’s Candide, Zadig and Other Short Stories, and my summer reading books for AP English IV. After making quick work of the latter (I’ll read them again before school starts), I moved on to the works of Francois Marie Arouet, i.e. Voltaire. My friends, co-workers, and especially my boyfriend Cameron (who learned to appreciate them after I elaborated on a few of Voltaire’s arguments), might make fun of me for it, but I really find this book fascinating! While eating lunch at the hospital cafeteria before m y shift today, I came to the short story â€Å"Micromegas.† This little gem is quite the story. It is the tale of a giant (don’t be fooled by the â€Å"micro† in his name, pay your regards to the suffix), native to one of the planets orbiting the star Sirius, who comes to earth seeking adventure. Because their size is exponentially bigger than that of us five-foot humans, he and his travelling companion from Saturn fail to see the humans around them on Earth. The Saturn-ite (if there be such a title) argues that there is no one on Earth, for he cannot see them. â€Å"Micromegas,† however, â€Å"politely made him sense that this was rather bad reasoning. ‘For,’ he said, ‘you do not see with your little eyes certain stars of the fiftieth magnitude that I perceive very distinctly; do you conclude from this that theses starts do not exist?’† To these colossal beings, we humans were mere atoms on a cramped little globe, and our million-men wars were completely foolish quibbles over pieces of land the size of their heels. The Saturn-ite was closed-minded: he thought that no one sensible could live on such a planet, and looked down on the people once his friend found them. Micromegas, while recognizing that â€Å"People at my court would not deign to look at [humans],† offered the people he had found his protection, because was willing to hear their ideas and discerned that they were truly remarkable beings. Many of us, I believe, could learn a lesson from this character. While we are sitting here in our microscopic homes worrying about what miniscule problems we will face tomorrow, a whole world awaits us. Perhaps we cannot ride on the tails of comets and use Aurora as a doorkeeper like Voltaire’s fantastical characters do, here is our world before us, and however subjectively small or large it is, we will never lack opportunities to do some small bit of good in it. When we walk into school or work, we never lack opportunities to be open-minded in our interactions with other people gaining knowledge where we can and giving it where we are asked, discerning but not judging, and doing good wherever we can. In Voltaire’s â€Å"Zadig,† I read that â€Å"The opportunity of doing harm comes a hundred times a day, and that of doing good once a year.† I believe that an education will provide me with many opportunities to do good in the world around me, and would to love to be able to experience them myself.

Anti-corruption Efforts in Nigeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Anti-corruption Efforts in Nigeria - Essay Example Corruption is characterized as a â€Å"global phenomenon†, and only capable of being understood in â€Å"its social context†.5 In the case of Nigeria, there is a range of complex and deeply-seated institutional and social factors contributing to corruption, most of which emanate from the experiences of colonial and post-colonial Nigeria. Corruption emerged as the primary method by which to survive during the period of decolonisation and with no other viable means of survival, corruption ultimately informed political conduct and â€Å"competition† in post-independent Nigeria.6 The corrupt reputation of Nigeria corresponds with post-colonial Africa’s long series of political and economic let downs. To begin with, colonial rule created conflicts among ethnic groups, alienated Nigerians from the country’s resources, exploited Nigerians and their natural resources and essentially deprived Nigerians of representation. Colonialism in all of Africa involved the use of â€Å"material inducements† as a means of compelling chiefs and African administrators to support and cooperated with colonists’ projects characterized by exploitation.7 Corruption in post-colonial Africa, including Nigeria is merely a learned and inherited political policy acquired during colonialism.8 During decolonization, Nigerians were left struggling to regain control of a deeply divided nation and continuously confronted significant economic and political chaos.9 Thus the post-colonial chaotic state of Nigeria’s socio-political and economic systems, together with the corrupt and dehumanising political experiences of colonialism created and perpetuated corruption in Nigeria. Nigeria is described as among the world’s most corrupt countries and is often associated by outsiders with fraud and dishonesty. However, it has been argued that just as political and economic degradation contributes to corruption, corruption likewise results in poli tical and economic degradation.10 Regardless of whether corruption is an obstacle to development or contributes to underdevelopment, corruption is so widespread throughout Nigeria that the country is perhaps a unique case. Arguably there is no real rational explanation for the link between corruption and underdevelopment in Nigeria. Since corruption is so widespread in Nigeria and has persisted for so long it is impossible to know with any degree of certainty whether or not corruption is responsible for underdevelopment in Nigeria or underdevelopment is the cause of corruption. The only rational conclusion is that that corruption has become a learned way of life in Nigeria. It is argued that corruption has become so entrenched in the political and social spheres, that even the members of society who may be victims or critics can hardly go around it and so, they are also prone to reproduce and perpetuate corruption.11 Therefore, despite efforts to counter corruption via anti-corrupti on policies and laws, corruption in Nigeria continues on unabated.12 Building on the central idea of its topic which suggest that ‘

Burro Genius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Burro Genius - Essay Example The one belief they instill in the child is that one should not lose perspective in order to excel or make progress in life. As a little boy aged six, I used to be extremely playful and forgetful at the same time. One day after school, I happened to bump into my toy as I was approaching my room, without thinking twice I dropped my bag, picked my toy and started playing with it. The game became more attractive, and I ended up in the garage, back in the house my little sister came across my bag, started playing with it and ended up messing with my homework. Since I had nobody to blame but myself, it meant I had to inform my mother so that she can go and explain to the teacher for me to get the homework. This situation also applies to Victor’s case, which left the car windows opened, and ended up with a cloth full of feathers. He learned that one does not need to be angry for every mistake one make nor does he need to look for someone blame for not correcting his mistakes for him but, embrace the mistake and work towards ensuring that it does not happen again. By helping me out on explaining to the te acher what happened to my initial homework, my mother instilled the lesson that helped me learn that no one is perfect, and people are not gauged on mistakes they made but how well they progress after the mistake. The thesis of this paragraph is, just like Victor no one is perfect not even parents, but the best thing they do is ensuring that the same mistake does not happen again (Villasenor p56). My mother was doing some work on a computer one night at home, being a mother of two she had to hop from one task to another. Since, my sister was still too young, and she required much attention she had to juggle from looking after her, cooking for all of us as well as finish the work she had on the computer. In the process of juggling, she had to leave the computer open, as I was passing around the house I

Economic recession Essay Example for Free

Economic recession Essay Economic recession is a period of economic decline; it means that there is a drop in the stock market, and an increase in unemployment but also a decline in the housing market. It also means that in Tourism, the residents of UK will have to will choose to holiday at home as the http://www. independent. co. uk infers ‘’ Grounded by the diminishing value of the pound and fears about the recession, record numbers of Britons will choose to holiday at home this summer. ‘’ Source http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/its-an-ill-wind-uk-tourism-finds-recession-is-so-bracing-1522542. html Additionally, the research by Visit Britain, the tourism authority, has shown that 74 % of people are trying to reduce their holiday spending, and are spending more time planning their trips to maximize value, a cottage in Britain where you can just pack the car up and take all your own food suggests that youve got greater control. However reducing the holiday spending is not the major problem, as there has been a big change in visits to Britain official figures have revealed that the number of tourists who visited the UK from overseas in 2009 suffered a 7% decline on the previous year to 29.57 million. The data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) also showed that the number of UK residents who made trips abroad fell 15% last year to 58. 53 million. But visitors to the UK spent around ? 16. 48 billion, or 1% more last year than they did in 2008, a contrast to UK residents expenses while abroad, which amounted to ? 31. 85 billion a 14% fall on figures from 2008. The recession also had an impact on the number of trips UK residents took abroad last year. The figure fell 16% to 38. 44 million, while business trips were down 22% and visits to friends and relatives (VFR) abroad fell 7%. By contrast, more foreigners visited the UK on holiday, with the numbers rising 3% last year, although the overall total suffered with business trips falling 20%. The ONS also recorded a fall of 10% in the number of VFR trips to the UK last year. Records also reveal that UK residents took 21% fewer trips to North America last year and 15% fewer trips to Europe. Source http://www. statistics. gov. uk/hub/index. html Source http://uk. reuters. com/article/2009/07/16/us-britain-travel-idUKTRE56F3FX20090716 QUALITY OF GOOD AND SERVICES Most visitors that come to United Kingdom have clear expectations about what they must pay for, but most of all; they are hoping that the quality of what they pay for is worth their money. The concept of value for money is closely related to price but also involves other quality criteria. The English Tourism Council’s has set up star rating that let the visitors to be informed before they book accommodation to recognise quality and to differentiate levels of facilities and services which as potential guests they can expect, so that it can help them to match their needs and ensure they are not disappointed. The star rating gives an overall judgement of quality including comfort, space, facilities, and cleanliness, and can be used by both domestic and inbound tourits. One star indicates that the place is acceptable overall of quality. There is also adequate provision of furniture, furnishings, and fittings. Hotels that have only one star are usually small, and privately owned. Dinner may not be offered. Two star hotels are also usually small, and privately owned, including resort hotels, and commercial hotels. Accommodation offers a good degree of space and convenience. Furnishings may be simple but are well maintained in all the bedrooms. Breakfast is offered daily to residents and their guests. Dinner is available at least five nights per week. Three star hotels indicates that it is a more formal style of hotel with a greater range of facilities and services such as colour television, telephones, radios, desk etc. There are also public areas including lounge seating, restaurants or bars. Dinner will be provided seven nights per week and light snack lunches are available in the bar or lounge, together with a wide range of drinks. Additionally, there’s also laundry service available. Four star hotels infers that there is a luxury quality with services to match, for example, there is a selection of catering options all offering cuisine and service of the highest international quality. There is also highly trained, professional staff providing exceptional levels of anticipatory service. Source http://www. britainexpress. com/oxford-hotels/star-ratings. htm EXCHANGE RATES The value of one currency against another currency is known as the foreign exchange rate. Exchange rates are an important factor in determining patterns of holiday taking, as any rise in the value of the pound will encourage outbound tourism, particularly if it involves the leading destinations countries. The value of the pound, or sterling, against another currency affects the cost of coming here for inbound tourists. It can affect negatively if it is more expensive to visit UK, but also can affect positively it is cheaper to visit UK. It is more likely that the appeal to tourist will increase when sterling is weak, as they will get more pounds for their money. Conversely, if sterling is strong, overseas visitors get less pounds in exchange for their money and are less likely to want to come here. In recent years sterling has been very strong against the dollar, or the dollar has been weak against sterling – which amounts to the same thing. This has meant that it has been relatively cheap for UK outbound tourists to visit the United States and more expensive for Americans to come to the UK. As VisitBritain. org have suggested that due to the dollar being weak against sterling, America perceived United Kingdom, as an expensive place to visit – the cost of accommodation, transport, and food has been highlighted by Americans as being really high priced. If the pas is riding high against most other currencies, it allows the British to budget for their holidays abroad with unusual freedom of choice, because the UK holidaymakers get much more for their money. For example, the rate of exchange with the Spanish peseta, the French franc, and the US dollar influences over 60 % of the holidays taken abroad by the British. The exchange rates depend on the strength or the weakness of sterling but they are also affected by the internal strength of currencies in main destination countries like France or Spain. At the moment the strenght of the pound sterling against other currencies looks as following Source  http://fx-rate.net/

Summary of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Essay -- essays research paper

The Jungle The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is about a Lithuanian family living in Chicago in the 1900’s. They had faith in the American dream, hoping to start a new and successful life. Unfortunately they were deprived of they hopes and dreams. They were placed in the middle of a society where only the strongest and richest survived. The rich keep getting richer and the poor get even poorer. Jurgis and his family went to extreme lengths just in hopes of finding a job, they were forced to travel in heavy rain, strong winds, and thick snow, even when they were sick, in fear of losing their jobs. The Jungle pointed out many flaws in society such as filthy meat and sickening work conditions. When Jurgis and his family arrived in Chicago they thought that they would find life a lot easier. T...

Blood Brothers Evaluation Essay

In June 2004, myself and the rest of my GSCE Drama group travelled to London to watch a performance of the play ‘Blood Brothers’ by Willy Russell. Having studied the play in great detail four weeks previous to that day, we eagerly awaited seeing the play on stage. A workshop with the narrator beforehand gave us an insight to what it was like to be a member of the cast and helped us further in relating to the characters themselves. I shall now evaluate the performance I saw discussing the medium and elements of drama used in the play, and themes and symbols noted throughout. The play began with a still image placed behind a gauze curtain. The still image was that of the death scene between the two brothers at the end of the play, and the image was distorted slightly by red and blue ripples of light that were shined on the curtain itself. These ripples of light can be thought of on many levels and can represent many different things. When I thought about it the first thing that came to my mind was the saying ‘looking through the ripples of time’ which, in effect, was what we were doing. We were looking through the curtain and the ripples, and looking through time – seeing an event that had not yet come to pass. The still image was constructed by each actor in turn walking on stage and taking up their positions, this was effective in building up tension in the audience as we were left wondering what the final picture would look like. Once the actors had taken up their positions, the gauze curtain lifted so we could see the image properly, and then having waited a while the actors left the stage, one by one, in much the same way they entered. The narrator, however, did not leave the stage and proceeded to deliver his lines, explaining the image we had just seen. The beginning of the play, in contrast to the ending, built up an atmosphere of mystery and tension. The ending was much more of a sudden burst of shock. The begging of this play is not unlike that of the famous play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Both plays begin with the end, as it were, with the opening lines telling us the events in the play and, indeed, the way it ends. This line describes how Romeo and Juliet’s fate was ‘written in the stars’, as if it were their destiny. This theme is very significant in both plays. The ending of the play was very tense, due to a number of factors, and the climax to the final gunshots was successfully moving. The way that the policemen entered through the audience gave the play a much more real feel to it. The audience went from sitting and observing something, to being involved in it, and suddenly the audience found themselves right in the middle of all the action. This was a very effective technique to use, as it meant that the audience could relate more to what was happening. Mickey’s body language built tension. They way he shifted his weight, constantly, from one foot to the other and his in-ability to find any words to say, showed his conflicted emotions and also made the audience feel nervous and anxious. After this sudden build up in tension, it seemed from the audience’s point of view that the ending was clear. Both men, now knowing who they truly were would accept things and get on with their lives, living happily ever after. Even knowing what the end would, in fact, be, the thought still crossed my mind and when the gunshots went off, it was so unexpected that it took some time to realise exactly what had taken place. This scene was extremely well portrayed, as it really made the audience feel what the characters were feeling and the fact that the audience just did not expect what was to come made it even more effective still. In the play the narrator played a very important part. It was he who took on the role of fate and destiny. Throughout the play it seemed, on occasion, that it was he who was controlling the events that were taking place. For example in the scene where the mothers made their pact the production showed it was the narrator who introduced the idea of the bible. It was he who passed it to Mrs. Lyons, had he not done this then she may never of thought of the idea. This is not unlike that of a Greek chorus. In the olden times a chorus was used to narrate plays and the leader of this would often interact with the characters on stage. The mere presence of the narrator was incredibly foreboding as his body language and facial expressions were very sinister throughout the play. The fact that the narrator never left the stage also added to the feeling that he was controlling the story and watching over everything that happened. Symbolism played a huge part in the play, so much so that it would take days to interpret it all. Props were used well as symbols throughout the play. A significant prop that was used in the play was the locket Mrs Johnstone gave to Eddie to remember her and Mickey as she thought they were never going to meet again. This prop consequently had the opposite effect. Another prop was the sweets Edward gave to Mickey as a gesture of friendship. This showed the audience that Edward was a character who used his personal belongings that he thought little of, to make friends. A prop that was used in different ways throughout the play was a gun. This prop went through the stages of firstly being a child’s finger, then to an air gun and finally to a real gun. Another thing in the play that progressed as the play went on was the ages of the characters, the children especially. One thing that the director chose to do was to keep the same actors all the way through. There was not a 7year old playing the part of Mickey at 7. Nor was there a 14year old playing the part of Mickey as an adolescent. The actors stayed the same meaning they had to adapt to portraying children of different ages. This was done superbly and the actors really did pull off the transitions from child to adult. The different ages were shown mostly by change in costume, however the actors had to adopt a certain balance between maturity and naivety. When they were young, the latter was more prominent but the characters were forced to grow up too soon and maturity took over. This was clear in the way the actors came across on stage. Another very symbolic part of the play was the pact itself, made by the brothers. Making the pact meant spilling their blood – sealing their fate or merely tempting it – it is hard to tell. Much of the symbolism seen in the production was not always that which was written in the script. For example in the production, as I have already mentioned, the narrator handed the bible to Mrs. Lyons, this was not written anywhere in the script in fact in the script, the narrator enters after the pact has been made. It was the director’s choice to have this happen, and I believe it was a very good choice as it really brought across the narrator’s role as fate/destiny in the play. The director of the production I saw, made many more slight changes to the script, each one emphasised the role of destiny and fate more, and overall achieving the desired effect of leading the audience to believe we were being told the story, rather than seeing it as it happened. The play was set in eighties Liverpool and addressed many social and cultural aspects of that time. Class was an obvious issue in the play, separating the two families and the two brothers. This separation was shown by the costumes worn, the way the characters spoke and the set used. Eddie’s smart school uniform was in complete contrast to that of Mickey’s baggy jumpers and scuffed up muddy shoes. The production showed the two houses quite separately with two different backgrounds that would be lowered down whenever a scene was taking place inside a house. The Lyon household consisted of a background of pale flowery wallpaper, a large window, one or two pictures on the walls, and nice furniture. The Johnstone house, however, portrayed an over-crowded, small and very cluttered kitchen, with very brightly coloured wallpaper that looked many years old, as bits were damp, scribbled on, or had been picked off of the wall. This difference in the way the two houses looked showed how the two families were of very separate classes. The Lyons were able to afford a large house, nice sofa and wallpaper still attached to the wall, however the Johnstones could not afford any of these things. Unemployment was a big problem in these times and this issue arose in the play, at one point we saw Mickey waiting to collect the dole with his brother. This was shown in the performance by lots of ‘For sale’ signs descending to position themselves outside the houses, including that of the Johnstone’s. We also saw a change in the attitude of the characters there was a feeling of depression coming from the stage as the characters came to terms with their situations. The way unemployment was portrayed in the play was very effective it made the audience feel sorry for the characters, for Mickey’s poor upbringing and also for Eddie, as his sheltered lifestyle left him very naive and vulnerable when eventually he was thrown into the ‘real world’. In conclusion I feel that the play was incredibly successful in stuffing itself full of as many hidden meanings, symbols, themes and feelings as it possibly could. The way that the play took on another dimension, as it were, involving the audience to such a great level was incredible, heightening emotions and making itself memorable to say the least. Overall a very successful play that used the medium and elements of drama to its advantage in the greatest way possible.

Fall Of Rome CCOT Essay

Rome fell due to a plethora Of reasons such as economic instability and succession issues. However, a major factor that contributed to the fall of Rome was the invasion of the Germanic tribes. The Germanic tribes were outside invaders who attacked the borders of the Roman Empire and created political disruption which inevitably lead to the fall of Rome. In 200 CE, Rome was at its height. But after the fall of Rome, Europe turned to feudalism. After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, Europe socially stayed the same. In 200 CE, Rome was socially stratified, meaning that it was hierarchical with people in different classes.At the top were the king and his patricians. Then, there were the nobles. Subsequently, there was the merchant class. And finally, at the bottom of the social hierarchy, there were the common people who included freed men and women, and slaves. Rome was also patriarchal, meaning that the father or man in a family or clan was supreme. In other words, men were superior to wome n. Thus, women were oppressed in Rome during this period. After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, when Europe turned to feudalism, Rupee's social structure virtually stayed intact.However, women's lives did slightly get better probably because their roles increased as economic conditions worsened. They were most likely needed more often to keep up the barter economy and care for the children and household. Thus, they would have higher roles. Rome flourished politically in 200 CE. The Roman Empire was large and in it was a very strong powerful bureaucracy. Under this empire and bureaucracy, power was centralized and the empire was stable. The Roman law code assured a safe and civilized environment.Also, the empire contained a vast, strong military to protect the region from outside invaders. After the fall of Rome, this region experienced major changes. There was no longer a Roman Empire. Instead, this area turned into feudal Europe as the political system. There was no longer a king, bure aucracy, or someone at the top Of the hierarchy, and so, power was decentralized. The church rose to fill in this gap of leadership and stabilize this Mediterranean area. Politically, very little dated the same because there was no longer a Roman Empire but rather a feudal Europe.Europe probably turned to feudalism because it had no other option now that the political system collapsed. This area desperately needed to regain stability or otherwise turn to anarchy. As a result, Europe would have established a feudal system to prevent that from happening. Economically, agriculture and trade were the basis of Roman economy in 200 CE. They traded with surrounding regions which increased revenue for the Empire. They were also involved in long distance trade with China through he Silk Road.This allowed them to enjoy more luxuries such as silk that they could not create themselves. Overall, they had fair flung trade. After the fall of Rome, this area saw many economic continuities and chang es as it struggled to cope with worsened conditions. A major continuity was that farming and agriculture remained crucial. Trade shrank and became a barter economy which was one of the changes that took place. Some other changes include a more localized economy since cities shrank. Trade also shrank because there was no more long distance trade with the Chinese.Manorial rose and guilds Were developed. Economically, this Mediterranean region experienced changes and continuities alike as a result of the fall of Rome. Agriculture probably remained the basis of economy because it is unlikely that people would abandon their traditional farming techniques which began sedentary life in Europe first of all. Trade would have shrunk because chaos within the country made it very unlikely that they would be connected to foreign countries through trade. They had to get themselves in order before they could do business with other places.Finally, cities shrunk as a direct result of the fall of Rom e and could only be reinstated after stability in Europe was restored. Moreover, the political transformation of the fall of Rome in 476 CE contributed to social, political, and economic continuities and changes in the cultures of the Mediterranean region during the period be;en 200 CE and 1000 CE. Socially, there were still distinct social classes and a patriarchal society but women enjoyed more freedom after the fall of Rome than they did before because their roles would have increased in order to keep up with he barter community.

Support teaching and learning activities Essay Example

Support teaching and learning activities Essay Example Support teaching and learning activities Essay Support teaching and learning activities Essay The teacher will plan for the long and medium term planning, they may put time aside during the week to discuss the learning objectives for the lessons so that the support practitioner will have a clear understanding of what Is to be expected of the lesson and how to help the children achieve this. Working with Special Needs Children within the classroom setting they will have different learning objectives and will require extra support. During the planning a support practitioner should have the opportunities to give any input and suggestions into the lesson plan/learning objective as to any difficulties which may hinder the learning process. During an activity support practitioners should be observing and monitoring to give the teacher efficient feedback. Children should also be praised and given plenty of encouragement to help build up self-esteem and confidence. At the end of the lesson the support practitioner and the teacher should discuss whether the learning objectives for the lesson was successfully achieved and discuss any problems that arose. 03 Support Learning Castles Evaluate own strengths and weaknesses in relation to support learning 1. 2 and how these may impact on the support that can be provided. Activities be honest with yourself and others, make sure you evaluate achievements as well as failures, include all aspects of your work, and then always ask a colleague for help and advice if needed. Refle cting on your work will help to improve your own skills and also expand knowledge. Strengths Easily approachable Being adaptable Team work Willing to try anything new Working alone Patience Communication skills (good) Using resources to benefit learning Knowing your roles and responsibilities Asking for help Display work Weaknesses Sometimes can take a while to digest information (repetition needed) in subjects not strong in Dont always understand lesson plans Use of laptops, notebooks and computers on programs Im not familiar with Communication with correct terminology (sometimes get mixed up).

Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example justice system and on the offenders themselves, the options which are available for such offenders to be treated and corrected, how the psychiatric services, the community and other agencies can help to successfully combat the problem: are reviewed and solutions are sought in this paper. Hiday (p.508) states that there are three subgroups of persons with severe mental illness who come into contact with the criminal justice system: 1) Those committing only misdemeanor offences that often involve survival behaviors 2) Those with accompanying character disorders who also abuse alcohol and drugs, both of which contribute to their high rates of criminal offenses, arrests and incarceration 3) A much smaller subgroup who fit the stereotypical image of a severely disordered person driven to criminally violent actions by delusions. All three groups live in impoverished communities where it is difficult to survive with a major mental illness. After the failure of other social institutions, the criminal justice system is left to deal with the mentally ill person. Understanding federalism: the interaction among national, state and local governments becomes crucial to understanding mental health policy development. From the earliest days of the republic, mental health care was a sector operating in the intersection of state and local levels of government. The advent of Medicaid and Medicare in the 1960s, coupled with the national community mental health center (CMHC) program eventually created a major federal presence in financing mental health services. Yet the role of states and mental health communities within the mental health system continued alongside such initiatives, and in some ways was elaborated by the partnership required by some of the services (Rochefort: 467). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV), the term serious mental illness refers to diagnosable mental, behavioral or

Software Process Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Process Models - Essay Example this scenario, the hospital will be using this information system to keep a record of the patient, such as their personal information, information regarding their disease and so on. The software development team has decided to adopt prototyping model for the development of this information system. This approach will allow the software development team to build a prototype of the system in order that the users of the system could identify the working of the proposed system. Basically, the majority of system analysts nowadays makes use of prototypes all the way through the system design. A prototype is a functioning model of the planned system (Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). The system analyst basically constructs a useful structure of the solution throughout the design. Prototyping allows the software development team to develop a functional system quickly and reasonably for end users to weigh up. By communicating with the prototype users can search out an improved suggestion of the information requirements. The prototype authorized by the users can be used as a model to build the ultimate system. In this scenario, the prototype can be acknowledged as a functioning adaptation of software or an element of the software, but it is intended to be no more than a development model. Additionally, once prepared, the prototype will be additionally developed until it obeys the rules accurately to user’s requirements. Once the design has been completed, the prototype can be transformed into a sophisticated development system. The method of developing a foundational design, making use of it, refining it and trying again has been acknowledged an iterative method of systems development for the reason that the steps essential to develop a system can be repetitive over and over again (Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000). In addition, prototyping is further openly iterative than the traditional life cycle, and it