The Importance Of Rape - 1389 Words

Considered one of the most heinous crimes—rape. Rape is so widespread in our society it has morphed into a culture. Rape culture refers to the normalization of sexual violence. Unfortunately, the beliefs and attitudes of society have led to the perpetuation of rape culture. Some consider the idea of rape culture ridiculous and an overstatement. Sadly, it is not. Consequently, rape culture is so ingrained in our society that we rarely notice it. It is there every time the victim gets blamed because of the clothing she was wearing. It is there every time doubt is cast on a rape case because it does not conform to societys idea of how a ‘real’ rape happens. Equally important is what rape is. Shockingly what†¦show more content†¦Additionally, that the victim wanted it, the victim is lying, that rape is a trivial event, and that rape is an uncommon (22). Following this, the idea that the victim asked to be sexually assaulted does not make sense. There is no wa y a person can want or ask for rape, it goes against the definition of what rape is. Also, the idea that the perpetrator did not mean to rape their victim treats the crime as an accident. Then there is also the notion that the majority of reported sexual assaults are a lie. A sexual assault accusation being false is the most prevalent rape myth. Nonetheless, according to the Connecticut Sexual Assault Crisis Services, only 2% of reported rapes are false (2015). Moreover, rape is in no way a trivial event. Victims of sexual assault experience various physical and psychological effects. Many victims experience depression, flashbacks, and panic attacks (WCSAP). If the victim decides to pursue a case, they also have to deal with the stress and emotional drain of the entire process. Sadly, there are far too many people who become victims of sexual assault. As reported by RAINN, 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men will experience some form of sexual assault in their lives (2015). Rape is not an uncommon event. It happensShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Rape Views1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficult to want to change because of one whether that change comes from altering how you a ct around others or how you fundamentally react to situations. This is unfortunately very true for how educators are teaching the student body and faculty about how rape cases are handled and the preventative and reactive measures in place at Brigham Young University. The instructions have become tedious, boring, and repetitive. Because of this, students aren’t investing in the problem, they aren’t building confidenceRead MoreClassification Of Rape : Article Review1042 Words   |  5 PagesClassification of Rape: Article Review Natalie Romero SYG 2000 â€Å"Preferred Labels and Penalties for Forced Sexual Intercourse† Robert T. Sigler International Journal of the Sociology of Law (1995) The definition of rape is still debated in today’s society. Considering this, it’s not hard to believe there was confusion around the 1990s, when rape had just begun gaining importance. The new emphasis on rape and sexual assault can be tied to the emerging feminist movement. Date rape was a term coinedRead MoreRape Of The Lock And Paradise Lost1308 Words   |  6 PagesRape of the lock vs Paradise lost The Rape of the Lock employs many of the traditional epic conventions used in Paradise Lost, but instead of recounting a story of a hero whose actions are of great importance or of national significance, The Rape of the Lock tells one of a timid character that makes an adventure out of the attainment of a fair damsel’s lock of hair. It uses the conventions of an epic poem on a miniature scale and the meaning of the subject is very much trivial. Since epics areRead MoreAnne Finchs Opposition to The Rape of the Lock Essay examples1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rape of the Lock The Restoration Period (1660-1700) was a period of social, political and philosophical turmoil, which laid the foundation for future centuries. This period was marked by an advance in colonization and trade and by the birth of the Whig and Tory parties. In poetry, works of Alexander Pope and Anne Finch and a number of other poets distinguishes the Restoration. But, there are several objections from these poets; one particular opposition occurs between Pope’s The Rape of theRead MoreSexual Assault And Rape Among College Campuses Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesSexual assault and rape among college campuses has been an ongoing issue across the nation for decades. In the state of Utah, this complex issue will not have a simple solution, but measures can be taken to prevent sexual assault and rape occurring on campuses. Utah Valley University is a campus that is taking considerably impressive measures to combat sexual assault, which will be a basis of this paper. Through univers ity sex education, stricter laws and enforcement, and providing on-campus servicesRead MoreAlexander Pope and Women Essay example1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior the extent of this has long been in question. The writer’s satirical style towards the women of his era is evidence of his opinions. However, there are noticeable facts that generate a swaying effect on Pope’s views and the meaning of The Rape of the Lock. These details consist of the author’s personal life and symbolism contained in his mock epic poem, including the voices of Bella and Clarissa, which is an indication that he may not have had the hardened heart towards women that everyoneRead MoreRape: You Could Be the One in Six856 Words   |  4 Pagesrough play with one another, the serious concept of rape is then minimized to light teasing; when in reality, rape physically and emotionally scars a person. There are ten different types of rape- sexual assault, child sexual abuse, drug facilitated assault, obsessive/ sadistic rape, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, stranger rape, and partner rape. There are many laws against rape but many rape cases are not reported one of the first Rape Crisis Centers were established in 1974 to help womenRead MoreAcquaintance Rape And The College Social Scene1595 Words   |  7 PagesAcquaintance Rape and the College Social Scene In Acquaintance â€Å"Rape and the College Social Scene,† the authors, Sally K. Ward, Kathy Chapman, Ellen Cohn, Susan White and Kirk Williams, main purpose was to report on a study they performed of the cases of sexual assaults at a specific college campus. The article provides estimates of the rate of acquaintance rape, recounting the situations surrounding the acquaintance rape, and people working toward making policies against this type of aggressionRead MoreEssay Date Rape865 Words   |  4 PagesDate Rape Every two minutes, somewhere in the world, someone is sexually assaulted. Of these approximately 248,000 victims, about 87,000 were victims of completed rape, and 70,000 were victims of sexual assault. Up to 4,315 pregnancies may have resulted from these attacks. Calculations based on the (National Crime Victimization Survey). Rape is often misunderstood. For one reason rapist are usually portrayed as a stranger, his motivation is entirely sexual, and the victim is always a youngRead MoreAt the Dark End of the Street by Danielle L. McGuire668 Words   |  3 PagesMost curriculums being taught to students withhold a mass amount of history. Some may do this because they feel some events do not have the same importance as other topics being taught. Such topics for example would be the rape and sexual exploitation of thousands of African American females during the time periods where racism and segregation was the norm. It is important for people to be educated about the horrific e vents that these women went through without justice. It is also essential because

Cultural and Social Change in the 1960’s Free Essays

Cultural and Social Change in the 1960’s The 1960’s in America was a decade characterized by evolving social issues and a rapid growth of many subcultures and culture in general. As their world changed around them and different issues presented themselves, people looked for areas of exppression in which their voices could be heard. This led to an explosion in all forms of art and literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural and Social Change in the 1960’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Areas like music changed in such dramatic ways as to rebel against past sounds and styles while civil rights movements forever altered the way the people of the U. S. iewed race relations. Music in the 1960’s was influenced by many factors that people of the time had to face. Protest for the vietnam war, racial turbulence, and general unease provided a platform for musical creation that resulted in sounds so revolutionary and different than anything ever heard before that thousands of people would gather at single shows. Protest music was very popular in this decade because of the ongoing conflict in Vietnam. Acts such as Jimi Hendrix and Bob Dylan showed opposition to the war in music that became popular enough to define a generation. Woodstock, a massive three day music festival that took place Southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York was attended by nearly half a million people and became an icon that helped to identify the music of the 1960’s. During the Sixtees, men like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were a part of the Black Civil Rights movement, which advocated equal treatment of African Americans and the disbandment of Jim Crow laws. After the assassinations of both of these important figures, their legacies lived on through such organizations as the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam. Another civil rights movement of the time was the Hispanic or Chicano movement. The goal of this movement was to empower and give equal rights to Mexican, Puerto Rican, and other Hispanic Americans that were being mistreated throughout the country. Movements like these had been seen in decades previous, but arguably with a great deal less success and popularity. The media was also another factor unique at the time to these civil rights movements, and without a doubt played a large role in their effectiveness. How to cite Cultural and Social Change in the 1960’s, Papers

Nursing Care for Osteoarthritis

Question: Discuss about the Pre-operative Nursing Assessment of Margaret. Answer: Introduction Osteoarthritis of the knee affects 10% of the population aged 60 years and above , however the risks is increased on persons who are obese and have joint damages, (Scott Kowalczyk, 2007). Osteoarthritis incidence increases with age. Current treatments that are available include non-operative procedures and operative process. Surgical procedures include arthroscopy, cartilage repair, osteoctomy and knee arthroplasty. The choice made on any of these methods depends on a number of factors which include stage of osteoarthritis, co morbidities, (Ronn, Reischl, Gauiter and Jacob, 2011). Identifiable Risks at Intra operative and Post Operative stage Patients with knee osteoarthritis like Margaret, have decreased pressure pain, enabled temporal summation of pain and decreased modulation of pain. Preoperative temporal summation of pain reflects the postoperative pain intensity and it is used as a predictor of chronic postoperative pains who have undergone total knee replacement like Margraret, There is high chance for the development of chronic pain after the surgery. Margaret posses the risk factor of being obese and studies have shown that weight loss is associated with reduction of pain, and the needed weight loss is by 16.5 %, (Coriolano, et al., 2016). Obesity is not a barrier in total knee replacement, however it affects the healing process of the patient, considering the weight Margaret has, she may develop complications in would healing process at the preoperative infection occurrences. From the history, she has been referred, due to her weight concerns but now it has reached the point of no return, she has to undergo the surgery. Heart risk assessment is performed and should be performed prior to surgery. If of any underlying heart or lung diseases in this cases none, advice on cessation should be offered. Preoperative patient education is critical in making the patient to be aware of the condition that she might encounter. Studies done have shown that postoperative period improves patient outcome including pain control management, lower anxiety levels and higher patent satisfaction. As the nurse caring Margaret, these key steps will be beneficial in offering the support and care at this critical moment. In the preoperative peace Margaret will have to be admitted at the hospital, where she will have to sign the necessary consent form, thereafter admission of anaesthesia, then surgical process which usually takes 45 minutes to 2 hours in complex cases, thereafter the patient is taken to the recovery rooms, where she is going to rest and given painkillers to ease pain, at times oxygen support might be needed. Nursing care assessments and diagnostics The preoperative process involves the administration of prophylaxis which aid in reduction of pain. In consultation with the doctor, appropriate regiment of prophylaxis should be used so as to reduce the rate of infection level later on. Due to her weight Margaret may not be able to walk freely as the weight might exert excess pressure on the lower limbs, hence getting mobile might be successful on the second day after surgery. She will be removed from the painkillers drips, fluid or oxygen therapy. Slow walking progress should be initiated depending on the patient ability and the outcome of the healing process. For Margaret she might need to use crutches or frame to walk , this can be aided with presence of physiotherapist at the health facility, physiotherapist will provide the needed posture and care so as not cause further harm and injury to the surgical knee. In post operative process of pain management , the recommended elements for assessment include questions such as ; the onset and pattern of pain, the location of pain, degree, the intensity; how severe it is, promoting factors, treatment regimes, effect of pain on other physiological process, pain management barriers and factors underlying like culture, language barrier, cognitive barrier and interventions misconceptions. A systematic study review by Roger et al., (2015) of post operative care has been conducted and came up with recommendations on type and mode of care medical patient attendants and clinicians should use in the management of post operative pain, which its guidelines can be applied on Margaret case. Patient and family centred care approach should be used; education information specifically tailored to the patient should be used. The information should include the treatment options for postoperative pain management and clear plans of goals for pain management are to be initiated with Margaret. An assessment of Margaret patient status needs to be assessed. Caregivers should be involved in education processes on the procedures of assessing pain and administration of analgesics and simple pain management processes. The approach should be a shared decision making process, which is based on factual information, as patient involvement in decision making process have better health outcomes, (Hibbard, 2013). References Coriolano, K., Aiken, A., Harrison, M., Pukall, C., Brouwer, B., Groll, D. (2016). Changes in knee pain, perceived need for surgery, physical function and quality of life after dietary weight loss in obese women diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. Hibbard, J. Engaging health care consumers to improve the quality of care. Med Care. 2003; 41: 161170. Peersman, G. MD; Laskin, R. MD; Davis, J. RN; Peterson, Margaret PhD, (2001). Infection in Total Knee Replacement: A Retrospective Review of 6489 Total Knee Replacements. Clinical Orthopaedics Related Research: November 2001 - Volume 392 - Issue - pp 15-23 Petersen, K. K., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Simonsen, O., Wilder-Smith, O., Laursen, M. B. (2015). Presurgical assessment of temporal summation of pain predicts the development of chronic postoperative pain 12 months after total knee replacement. Pain, 156(1), 55-61. Rnn, K., Reischl, N., Gautier, E., Jacobi, M. (2011). Current surgical treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis, 2011. Scott, D., Kowalczyk, A. (2007). Osteoarthritis of the knee. BMJ clinical evidence, 2007.

Innovation in organizations

I. Innovation is a necessary element for the sustainability of technology-based organizations. Innovation however, is believed to be an ongoing process. The five main challenges of innovation faced by organizations are generation of ideas, the environment, protecting the idea, execution of the idea to create a substantial outcome, and persuasion, or changing the image of the product among the potential buyers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Innovation in organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generation of new ideas is the most essential part of sustaining innovation within organizations. When there are no new ideas, there can hardly be innovation. However, here idea does not just imply a thought striking a simpleton. Rather, it is the solution to a problem; a problem that the organization strives to solve. In case of Samsung, it is observed that Jong Yong Yun as the new CEO changed many of the oper ations of the company. Earlier, Samsung was primarily a company that aped the technology of more successful companies like Sony or Mitsubishi and created their own products. These products were deliberately priced low in order to cater to customers who, due to lower budget, would end up purchasing their products. However, once Yun took over the company, he realized that the best possible way to make the company stop from making loses is to turn its innovation strategy. Earlier, Samsung did not innovate. Rather it aped technology and design of premiere brands. He pushed the company to develop its own products. He stressed on innovating new products rather than replicating products of Sony or other companies. The stress on innovation and generation of new ideas for the sake of development of new and futuristic products that are called the â€Å"wow products† became the insignia for the new strategy that Yun had for the company. The stress on product development was shifted from aping of established technology to development of attractive designs and advanced technology. Two strategies that were adopted by Samsung in order to help in idea generation are – Samsung shifted its focus from aping the products of higher end, premiere brands like Sony, and concentrated in generation of new products, especially those with advanced technology and innovative designs. Yun hired young and fresh engineers and managers in order to change the orientation of the company. The environment of generation of the idea is essential, as this would help the employees work and produce a conducive surrounding for flow of ideas. In a highly bureaucratic organization, flow of idea is constrained by various rules, regulations, and hierarchical norms. The environment of the organization was changed in order to create a sustained environment for generation of ideas. The two strategies employed by Samsung to create a proper environment for idea generation are: Yun discarded the bureaucratic structure of the organization and changed the structure to a merit based system in order to motivate these new young managers and engineers. The culture of the organization was changed from one that was essentially of old nature where seniority and hierarchy gained preferences. This allowed managers to go through fewer hierarchical layers to produce their idea at the right place. Ideas generated must be protected. In a highly competitive digital market, Samsung had to ensure that it created an advanced technology and retained exclusivity of the product. The idea become common once its availability is rampant. In order to maintain exclusivity of its innovation Samsung adopted the following strategy:Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to remain ahead of the other companies in LCD technology market, and encouraging innovation, Samsung sources half of i ts filters from Sumitomo Chemical Company of Japan and the rest half it sources internally. This enables the company to hold an upper hand over its competitors as they are in a position to source their own screens for LCD technology. Further, reducing the time from idea generation to production from one year to six months also helps the company to support innovation. Ideas are not enough for a manufacturing company to create profit. These ideas once formulated must be put into place. The creation of the ideas into concrete outcome is an essential step in generation of innovation. An idea in itself is just an abstract concept, however, once it is given a tangible form, it becomes innovation. Samsung employs the following strategies to help its employees to give form to the ideas generated: Ideas generated by the innovation team were quickly processed through hassle free organizational structure. As Samsung’s new strategy was to concentrate more on manufacturing, the innovati ve ideas generated by the managers and engineers were immediately processed through the production process. The company also adopted steps to make the process more competitive in order to speed up the production process. New products once manufactured must also be accepted by the market. If the market for the new product is not developed this would just leave the products in the warehouses increase inventory cost and mounting losses. In order to avoid this step the company employed the following strategy: Samsung employed a new strategy of marketing and hired a new marketing head. The company produced customer-oriented products such that they could product the products that would tab the unfulfilled needs of the customers. How did Jong Yong Yun incorporate the five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation into the reorganization of Samsung in 1996-1998? Please list 2 arguments for each dimension. II. The five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation are innovation, autonomy, ri sk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and being proactive. Jong Yong Yun as CEO of Samsung displayed all of the above five entrepreneurial orientations. Yun operated almost autonomously in changing the structure and the strategy of the company. Yun encouraged innovation through hiring of new and young engineers and forged a competitive culture that nurtured innovative product development. The whole process of changing the strategy of the company was a risk that Yun had taken. Further, changing the culture of a company completely is also a risky task that Yun employed. Further Yun aimed to make Samsung a premiere brand when it had the reputation of being a low-cost product was also a risky adventure. Yun’s competitive aggressiveness helped Samsung become more innovative and achieve the position of one of premiere brands of the world. Yun did not wait for ideas to come to him. He went about making changes as and where he felt it necessary. His proactive decision-making helped the company to achieve a new height of success. III. The international strategy adopted by Samsung is to project itself as a company provides innovative, stylistic, and high quality products. in order to project itself as a brand that nurtures innovation, the company employed one advertising agency that looked after its promotions globally.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Innovation in organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They helped Samsung create this new image. Further, Samsung stopped selling products through chains like Wal-Mart and K-Mart that had the reputation of selling cheap products. Instead, it started marketing its products through higher end chains. This helped Samsung change its strategy and internally project itself as a premiere brand. IV. Yun has been a successful leader to transform the company from a loss making, low-end digital manufacturer to an international premiere brand. The transformation was done by employing the following steps. Setting a direction: Yun from the very beginning aimed at making Samsung a premiere brand. His idea was to change the image of the company and produce products that would suit that new image. That is why he stopped the production of low-end replicated technology products and stressed on innovation and product development. Yun also created a structure that would sustain this innovative culture. Designing the organization: In order to create a new organization, Yun changed the structure and culture of the organization. Samsung’s hierarchical structure was changed to have fewer layers to stop bureaucracy. Secondly, he also created an environment that would nature innovation within the organization. Innovation became the key to the success of the company. Nurturing a culture dedicated to excellence and ethical behavior: culture is an essential element that nurtures successful innovation. Yun believed that he had to cr eate an organization that innovated from within and not through replication. Therefore, Yun hired young minds who would brainstorm in a different, more open and energetic environment to create new ideas and put it into implementation. Another endeavor in this direction was setting up the innovation lab in Seoul that natured futuristic design and technology. This case study on Innovation in organizations was written and submitted by user Cristina Wells to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Extreme Enviroments essays

Extreme Enviroments essays Extreme Environments This video shows how the animals survive in the wilderness. It shows how they are adapted to surviving in their own environment. These animals have been gifted with the abilities to survive the situations that are put up against them. The first thing the movie showed was the adaptability of spiders. A scientist roped off a large area and captured spiders and then tested them for a research experiment. She then found out that the hybrid spring spiders did not want to mate with the aggressive mountain spiders. Next the video showed how the cheetah runs and how it is able to run that fast. It also showed how the foghorn runs and said it had a large motor and a good transmission. That means that it could run at a fast pace for a long time. The foghorn is a distant cousin of the antelope and both of these animals can run very fast for a long time. The cheata on the other hand can run faster but not for a long length of time. After the cheetah sprints, or runs its fastest it will be weak for around about thirty minutes to an hour. This makes the cheetah a very talented animal because it has to know when to use its abilities and when to save them for the real need for them is present. The video also showed a man and a team of experts exploring the long lost world of the deep ocean parts. They used a small submarine to travel about two thousand feet below the surface of the ocean. The man said before they got to their wanted depth, It will be so dark down here it will be like looking up and then only seeing only a tiny bit of sunlight through a crack in a door. Once the descent began he said,It is like a whole different world down here, like something you would see off star trek. As they were descending down toward the bottom of the ocean floor they saw plenty of sea creatures. The man told the other guy that the creature he sucked up i...

A lesson in opportunity

â€Å"Nature’s bequest gives nothing, but doth lend; And, being frank, she lends to those are free†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦The pencil in my left hand scratches Shakespeare’s fourth sonnet laboriously across the notebook paper lying on my father’s desk as the dreary rain patters lightly on the screen door to my left. Somehow, the rain gives solace to my melancholy: as the weather cycles emulate the constant changes in the world around me, they remind me that the only constant is change itself. However cliche and ambiguous an idea that is, it is comforting to know that there is some order in this forever-changing world, that the water in an ocean thousands of miles away will continue to evaporate, condense, and fall on my North Texas rooftop, no matter what goes on in my slightly insignificant life. Why, you may be thinking, am I copying the sonnets of Shakespeare on this drab evening? Why this, instead of just reading them? Or why with my left hand, when I am in fact right-handed? I was in no adventurous accident, have broken no bones in my right hand, and no firearm is being held to my brunette head, despite what you may think would be necessary to get a 16-year-old girl to copy 500-year-old poems. Rewind a few hours. I’m sitting in the senior center of the hospital where I volunteer, highlighting admittance forms, pausing now and then to explain to a patient in slightly-too-loud tones that they missed this line, that they were supposed to sign here, laughing comfortingly and assuring them that â€Å"these forms are so complicated,† highlighting and wondering to myself why they are so complicated, and why exactly the patients have to sign the same forms every time they come in for an appointment? My right hand grows tired. I decide to use my left hand and decide that I would like to teach myself to write with my left hand. I’m grounded, after all, for the first time in my life†¦why not take advantage of this daunting week-long house-arrest? I come home, pick up the complete works of Shakespeare I got for five dollars at my favorite book-reseller last week, turn from the page of Romeo and Juliet that I was reading for the fourth or fifth time last night, and scavenge for a pencil. After three some-odd sonnets, I have yet to see any marked improvement, but remain confident that by the time I get to the 154th, at the end of my long week of nothing but work and volunteering, my left-handed writing with be somewhat decipherable. While my slightly insignificant life continues on in the (maybe a little eccentric) way I just described, the cosmos far beyond the dull-gray stratus clouds above continue their elaborate movements, their endless dance above and infinitely beyond the scope of our finite realm. In this finite realm, while at the bookstore the other day, in addition to Shakespeare’s complete works, I picked up Virgil’s Aeneid, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Voltaire’s Candide, Zadig and Other Short Stories, and my summer reading books for AP English IV. After making quick work of the latter (I’ll read them again before school starts), I moved on to the works of Francois Marie Arouet, i.e. Voltaire. My friends, co-workers, and especially my boyfriend Cameron (who learned to appreciate them after I elaborated on a few of Voltaire’s arguments), might make fun of me for it, but I really find this book fascinating! While eating lunch at the hospital cafeteria before m y shift today, I came to the short story â€Å"Micromegas.† This little gem is quite the story. It is the tale of a giant (don’t be fooled by the â€Å"micro† in his name, pay your regards to the suffix), native to one of the planets orbiting the star Sirius, who comes to earth seeking adventure. Because their size is exponentially bigger than that of us five-foot humans, he and his travelling companion from Saturn fail to see the humans around them on Earth. The Saturn-ite (if there be such a title) argues that there is no one on Earth, for he cannot see them. â€Å"Micromegas,† however, â€Å"politely made him sense that this was rather bad reasoning. ‘For,’ he said, ‘you do not see with your little eyes certain stars of the fiftieth magnitude that I perceive very distinctly; do you conclude from this that theses starts do not exist?’† To these colossal beings, we humans were mere atoms on a cramped little globe, and our million-men wars were completely foolish quibbles over pieces of land the size of their heels. The Saturn-ite was closed-minded: he thought that no one sensible could live on such a planet, and looked down on the people once his friend found them. Micromegas, while recognizing that â€Å"People at my court would not deign to look at [humans],† offered the people he had found his protection, because was willing to hear their ideas and discerned that they were truly remarkable beings. Many of us, I believe, could learn a lesson from this character. While we are sitting here in our microscopic homes worrying about what miniscule problems we will face tomorrow, a whole world awaits us. Perhaps we cannot ride on the tails of comets and use Aurora as a doorkeeper like Voltaire’s fantastical characters do, here is our world before us, and however subjectively small or large it is, we will never lack opportunities to do some small bit of good in it. When we walk into school or work, we never lack opportunities to be open-minded in our interactions with other people gaining knowledge where we can and giving it where we are asked, discerning but not judging, and doing good wherever we can. In Voltaire’s â€Å"Zadig,† I read that â€Å"The opportunity of doing harm comes a hundred times a day, and that of doing good once a year.† I believe that an education will provide me with many opportunities to do good in the world around me, and would to love to be able to experience them myself.

Anti-corruption Efforts in Nigeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Anti-corruption Efforts in Nigeria - Essay Example Corruption is characterized as a â€Å"global phenomenon†, and only capable of being understood in â€Å"its social context†.5 In the case of Nigeria, there is a range of complex and deeply-seated institutional and social factors contributing to corruption, most of which emanate from the experiences of colonial and post-colonial Nigeria. Corruption emerged as the primary method by which to survive during the period of decolonisation and with no other viable means of survival, corruption ultimately informed political conduct and â€Å"competition† in post-independent Nigeria.6 The corrupt reputation of Nigeria corresponds with post-colonial Africa’s long series of political and economic let downs. To begin with, colonial rule created conflicts among ethnic groups, alienated Nigerians from the country’s resources, exploited Nigerians and their natural resources and essentially deprived Nigerians of representation. Colonialism in all of Africa involved the use of â€Å"material inducements† as a means of compelling chiefs and African administrators to support and cooperated with colonists’ projects characterized by exploitation.7 Corruption in post-colonial Africa, including Nigeria is merely a learned and inherited political policy acquired during colonialism.8 During decolonization, Nigerians were left struggling to regain control of a deeply divided nation and continuously confronted significant economic and political chaos.9 Thus the post-colonial chaotic state of Nigeria’s socio-political and economic systems, together with the corrupt and dehumanising political experiences of colonialism created and perpetuated corruption in Nigeria. Nigeria is described as among the world’s most corrupt countries and is often associated by outsiders with fraud and dishonesty. However, it has been argued that just as political and economic degradation contributes to corruption, corruption likewise results in poli tical and economic degradation.10 Regardless of whether corruption is an obstacle to development or contributes to underdevelopment, corruption is so widespread throughout Nigeria that the country is perhaps a unique case. Arguably there is no real rational explanation for the link between corruption and underdevelopment in Nigeria. Since corruption is so widespread in Nigeria and has persisted for so long it is impossible to know with any degree of certainty whether or not corruption is responsible for underdevelopment in Nigeria or underdevelopment is the cause of corruption. The only rational conclusion is that that corruption has become a learned way of life in Nigeria. It is argued that corruption has become so entrenched in the political and social spheres, that even the members of society who may be victims or critics can hardly go around it and so, they are also prone to reproduce and perpetuate corruption.11 Therefore, despite efforts to counter corruption via anti-corrupti on policies and laws, corruption in Nigeria continues on unabated.12 Building on the central idea of its topic which suggest that ‘

Burro Genius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Burro Genius - Essay Example The one belief they instill in the child is that one should not lose perspective in order to excel or make progress in life. As a little boy aged six, I used to be extremely playful and forgetful at the same time. One day after school, I happened to bump into my toy as I was approaching my room, without thinking twice I dropped my bag, picked my toy and started playing with it. The game became more attractive, and I ended up in the garage, back in the house my little sister came across my bag, started playing with it and ended up messing with my homework. Since I had nobody to blame but myself, it meant I had to inform my mother so that she can go and explain to the teacher for me to get the homework. This situation also applies to Victor’s case, which left the car windows opened, and ended up with a cloth full of feathers. He learned that one does not need to be angry for every mistake one make nor does he need to look for someone blame for not correcting his mistakes for him but, embrace the mistake and work towards ensuring that it does not happen again. By helping me out on explaining to the te acher what happened to my initial homework, my mother instilled the lesson that helped me learn that no one is perfect, and people are not gauged on mistakes they made but how well they progress after the mistake. The thesis of this paragraph is, just like Victor no one is perfect not even parents, but the best thing they do is ensuring that the same mistake does not happen again (Villasenor p56). My mother was doing some work on a computer one night at home, being a mother of two she had to hop from one task to another. Since, my sister was still too young, and she required much attention she had to juggle from looking after her, cooking for all of us as well as finish the work she had on the computer. In the process of juggling, she had to leave the computer open, as I was passing around the house I

Economic recession Essay Example for Free

Economic recession Essay Economic recession is a period of economic decline; it means that there is a drop in the stock market, and an increase in unemployment but also a decline in the housing market. It also means that in Tourism, the residents of UK will have to will choose to holiday at home as the http://www. independent. co. uk infers ‘’ Grounded by the diminishing value of the pound and fears about the recession, record numbers of Britons will choose to holiday at home this summer. ‘’ Source http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/its-an-ill-wind-uk-tourism-finds-recession-is-so-bracing-1522542. html Additionally, the research by Visit Britain, the tourism authority, has shown that 74 % of people are trying to reduce their holiday spending, and are spending more time planning their trips to maximize value, a cottage in Britain where you can just pack the car up and take all your own food suggests that youve got greater control. However reducing the holiday spending is not the major problem, as there has been a big change in visits to Britain official figures have revealed that the number of tourists who visited the UK from overseas in 2009 suffered a 7% decline on the previous year to 29.57 million. The data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) also showed that the number of UK residents who made trips abroad fell 15% last year to 58. 53 million. But visitors to the UK spent around ? 16. 48 billion, or 1% more last year than they did in 2008, a contrast to UK residents expenses while abroad, which amounted to ? 31. 85 billion a 14% fall on figures from 2008. The recession also had an impact on the number of trips UK residents took abroad last year. The figure fell 16% to 38. 44 million, while business trips were down 22% and visits to friends and relatives (VFR) abroad fell 7%. By contrast, more foreigners visited the UK on holiday, with the numbers rising 3% last year, although the overall total suffered with business trips falling 20%. The ONS also recorded a fall of 10% in the number of VFR trips to the UK last year. Records also reveal that UK residents took 21% fewer trips to North America last year and 15% fewer trips to Europe. Source http://www. statistics. gov. uk/hub/index. html Source http://uk. reuters. com/article/2009/07/16/us-britain-travel-idUKTRE56F3FX20090716 QUALITY OF GOOD AND SERVICES Most visitors that come to United Kingdom have clear expectations about what they must pay for, but most of all; they are hoping that the quality of what they pay for is worth their money. The concept of value for money is closely related to price but also involves other quality criteria. The English Tourism Council’s has set up star rating that let the visitors to be informed before they book accommodation to recognise quality and to differentiate levels of facilities and services which as potential guests they can expect, so that it can help them to match their needs and ensure they are not disappointed. The star rating gives an overall judgement of quality including comfort, space, facilities, and cleanliness, and can be used by both domestic and inbound tourits. One star indicates that the place is acceptable overall of quality. There is also adequate provision of furniture, furnishings, and fittings. Hotels that have only one star are usually small, and privately owned. Dinner may not be offered. Two star hotels are also usually small, and privately owned, including resort hotels, and commercial hotels. Accommodation offers a good degree of space and convenience. Furnishings may be simple but are well maintained in all the bedrooms. Breakfast is offered daily to residents and their guests. Dinner is available at least five nights per week. Three star hotels indicates that it is a more formal style of hotel with a greater range of facilities and services such as colour television, telephones, radios, desk etc. There are also public areas including lounge seating, restaurants or bars. Dinner will be provided seven nights per week and light snack lunches are available in the bar or lounge, together with a wide range of drinks. Additionally, there’s also laundry service available. Four star hotels infers that there is a luxury quality with services to match, for example, there is a selection of catering options all offering cuisine and service of the highest international quality. There is also highly trained, professional staff providing exceptional levels of anticipatory service. Source http://www. britainexpress. com/oxford-hotels/star-ratings. htm EXCHANGE RATES The value of one currency against another currency is known as the foreign exchange rate. Exchange rates are an important factor in determining patterns of holiday taking, as any rise in the value of the pound will encourage outbound tourism, particularly if it involves the leading destinations countries. The value of the pound, or sterling, against another currency affects the cost of coming here for inbound tourists. It can affect negatively if it is more expensive to visit UK, but also can affect positively it is cheaper to visit UK. It is more likely that the appeal to tourist will increase when sterling is weak, as they will get more pounds for their money. Conversely, if sterling is strong, overseas visitors get less pounds in exchange for their money and are less likely to want to come here. In recent years sterling has been very strong against the dollar, or the dollar has been weak against sterling – which amounts to the same thing. This has meant that it has been relatively cheap for UK outbound tourists to visit the United States and more expensive for Americans to come to the UK. As VisitBritain. org have suggested that due to the dollar being weak against sterling, America perceived United Kingdom, as an expensive place to visit – the cost of accommodation, transport, and food has been highlighted by Americans as being really high priced. If the pas is riding high against most other currencies, it allows the British to budget for their holidays abroad with unusual freedom of choice, because the UK holidaymakers get much more for their money. For example, the rate of exchange with the Spanish peseta, the French franc, and the US dollar influences over 60 % of the holidays taken abroad by the British. The exchange rates depend on the strength or the weakness of sterling but they are also affected by the internal strength of currencies in main destination countries like France or Spain. At the moment the strenght of the pound sterling against other currencies looks as following Source  http://fx-rate.net/

Summary of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Essay -- essays research paper

The Jungle The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is about a Lithuanian family living in Chicago in the 1900’s. They had faith in the American dream, hoping to start a new and successful life. Unfortunately they were deprived of they hopes and dreams. They were placed in the middle of a society where only the strongest and richest survived. The rich keep getting richer and the poor get even poorer. Jurgis and his family went to extreme lengths just in hopes of finding a job, they were forced to travel in heavy rain, strong winds, and thick snow, even when they were sick, in fear of losing their jobs. The Jungle pointed out many flaws in society such as filthy meat and sickening work conditions. When Jurgis and his family arrived in Chicago they thought that they would find life a lot easier. T...

Blood Brothers Evaluation Essay

In June 2004, myself and the rest of my GSCE Drama group travelled to London to watch a performance of the play ‘Blood Brothers’ by Willy Russell. Having studied the play in great detail four weeks previous to that day, we eagerly awaited seeing the play on stage. A workshop with the narrator beforehand gave us an insight to what it was like to be a member of the cast and helped us further in relating to the characters themselves. I shall now evaluate the performance I saw discussing the medium and elements of drama used in the play, and themes and symbols noted throughout. The play began with a still image placed behind a gauze curtain. The still image was that of the death scene between the two brothers at the end of the play, and the image was distorted slightly by red and blue ripples of light that were shined on the curtain itself. These ripples of light can be thought of on many levels and can represent many different things. When I thought about it the first thing that came to my mind was the saying ‘looking through the ripples of time’ which, in effect, was what we were doing. We were looking through the curtain and the ripples, and looking through time – seeing an event that had not yet come to pass. The still image was constructed by each actor in turn walking on stage and taking up their positions, this was effective in building up tension in the audience as we were left wondering what the final picture would look like. Once the actors had taken up their positions, the gauze curtain lifted so we could see the image properly, and then having waited a while the actors left the stage, one by one, in much the same way they entered. The narrator, however, did not leave the stage and proceeded to deliver his lines, explaining the image we had just seen. The beginning of the play, in contrast to the ending, built up an atmosphere of mystery and tension. The ending was much more of a sudden burst of shock. The begging of this play is not unlike that of the famous play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Both plays begin with the end, as it were, with the opening lines telling us the events in the play and, indeed, the way it ends. This line describes how Romeo and Juliet’s fate was ‘written in the stars’, as if it were their destiny. This theme is very significant in both plays. The ending of the play was very tense, due to a number of factors, and the climax to the final gunshots was successfully moving. The way that the policemen entered through the audience gave the play a much more real feel to it. The audience went from sitting and observing something, to being involved in it, and suddenly the audience found themselves right in the middle of all the action. This was a very effective technique to use, as it meant that the audience could relate more to what was happening. Mickey’s body language built tension. They way he shifted his weight, constantly, from one foot to the other and his in-ability to find any words to say, showed his conflicted emotions and also made the audience feel nervous and anxious. After this sudden build up in tension, it seemed from the audience’s point of view that the ending was clear. Both men, now knowing who they truly were would accept things and get on with their lives, living happily ever after. Even knowing what the end would, in fact, be, the thought still crossed my mind and when the gunshots went off, it was so unexpected that it took some time to realise exactly what had taken place. This scene was extremely well portrayed, as it really made the audience feel what the characters were feeling and the fact that the audience just did not expect what was to come made it even more effective still. In the play the narrator played a very important part. It was he who took on the role of fate and destiny. Throughout the play it seemed, on occasion, that it was he who was controlling the events that were taking place. For example in the scene where the mothers made their pact the production showed it was the narrator who introduced the idea of the bible. It was he who passed it to Mrs. Lyons, had he not done this then she may never of thought of the idea. This is not unlike that of a Greek chorus. In the olden times a chorus was used to narrate plays and the leader of this would often interact with the characters on stage. The mere presence of the narrator was incredibly foreboding as his body language and facial expressions were very sinister throughout the play. The fact that the narrator never left the stage also added to the feeling that he was controlling the story and watching over everything that happened. Symbolism played a huge part in the play, so much so that it would take days to interpret it all. Props were used well as symbols throughout the play. A significant prop that was used in the play was the locket Mrs Johnstone gave to Eddie to remember her and Mickey as she thought they were never going to meet again. This prop consequently had the opposite effect. Another prop was the sweets Edward gave to Mickey as a gesture of friendship. This showed the audience that Edward was a character who used his personal belongings that he thought little of, to make friends. A prop that was used in different ways throughout the play was a gun. This prop went through the stages of firstly being a child’s finger, then to an air gun and finally to a real gun. Another thing in the play that progressed as the play went on was the ages of the characters, the children especially. One thing that the director chose to do was to keep the same actors all the way through. There was not a 7year old playing the part of Mickey at 7. Nor was there a 14year old playing the part of Mickey as an adolescent. The actors stayed the same meaning they had to adapt to portraying children of different ages. This was done superbly and the actors really did pull off the transitions from child to adult. The different ages were shown mostly by change in costume, however the actors had to adopt a certain balance between maturity and naivety. When they were young, the latter was more prominent but the characters were forced to grow up too soon and maturity took over. This was clear in the way the actors came across on stage. Another very symbolic part of the play was the pact itself, made by the brothers. Making the pact meant spilling their blood – sealing their fate or merely tempting it – it is hard to tell. Much of the symbolism seen in the production was not always that which was written in the script. For example in the production, as I have already mentioned, the narrator handed the bible to Mrs. Lyons, this was not written anywhere in the script in fact in the script, the narrator enters after the pact has been made. It was the director’s choice to have this happen, and I believe it was a very good choice as it really brought across the narrator’s role as fate/destiny in the play. The director of the production I saw, made many more slight changes to the script, each one emphasised the role of destiny and fate more, and overall achieving the desired effect of leading the audience to believe we were being told the story, rather than seeing it as it happened. The play was set in eighties Liverpool and addressed many social and cultural aspects of that time. Class was an obvious issue in the play, separating the two families and the two brothers. This separation was shown by the costumes worn, the way the characters spoke and the set used. Eddie’s smart school uniform was in complete contrast to that of Mickey’s baggy jumpers and scuffed up muddy shoes. The production showed the two houses quite separately with two different backgrounds that would be lowered down whenever a scene was taking place inside a house. The Lyon household consisted of a background of pale flowery wallpaper, a large window, one or two pictures on the walls, and nice furniture. The Johnstone house, however, portrayed an over-crowded, small and very cluttered kitchen, with very brightly coloured wallpaper that looked many years old, as bits were damp, scribbled on, or had been picked off of the wall. This difference in the way the two houses looked showed how the two families were of very separate classes. The Lyons were able to afford a large house, nice sofa and wallpaper still attached to the wall, however the Johnstones could not afford any of these things. Unemployment was a big problem in these times and this issue arose in the play, at one point we saw Mickey waiting to collect the dole with his brother. This was shown in the performance by lots of ‘For sale’ signs descending to position themselves outside the houses, including that of the Johnstone’s. We also saw a change in the attitude of the characters there was a feeling of depression coming from the stage as the characters came to terms with their situations. The way unemployment was portrayed in the play was very effective it made the audience feel sorry for the characters, for Mickey’s poor upbringing and also for Eddie, as his sheltered lifestyle left him very naive and vulnerable when eventually he was thrown into the ‘real world’. In conclusion I feel that the play was incredibly successful in stuffing itself full of as many hidden meanings, symbols, themes and feelings as it possibly could. The way that the play took on another dimension, as it were, involving the audience to such a great level was incredible, heightening emotions and making itself memorable to say the least. Overall a very successful play that used the medium and elements of drama to its advantage in the greatest way possible.

Fall Of Rome CCOT Essay

Rome fell due to a plethora Of reasons such as economic instability and succession issues. However, a major factor that contributed to the fall of Rome was the invasion of the Germanic tribes. The Germanic tribes were outside invaders who attacked the borders of the Roman Empire and created political disruption which inevitably lead to the fall of Rome. In 200 CE, Rome was at its height. But after the fall of Rome, Europe turned to feudalism. After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, Europe socially stayed the same. In 200 CE, Rome was socially stratified, meaning that it was hierarchical with people in different classes.At the top were the king and his patricians. Then, there were the nobles. Subsequently, there was the merchant class. And finally, at the bottom of the social hierarchy, there were the common people who included freed men and women, and slaves. Rome was also patriarchal, meaning that the father or man in a family or clan was supreme. In other words, men were superior to wome n. Thus, women were oppressed in Rome during this period. After the fall of Rome in 476 CE, when Europe turned to feudalism, Rupee's social structure virtually stayed intact.However, women's lives did slightly get better probably because their roles increased as economic conditions worsened. They were most likely needed more often to keep up the barter economy and care for the children and household. Thus, they would have higher roles. Rome flourished politically in 200 CE. The Roman Empire was large and in it was a very strong powerful bureaucracy. Under this empire and bureaucracy, power was centralized and the empire was stable. The Roman law code assured a safe and civilized environment.Also, the empire contained a vast, strong military to protect the region from outside invaders. After the fall of Rome, this region experienced major changes. There was no longer a Roman Empire. Instead, this area turned into feudal Europe as the political system. There was no longer a king, bure aucracy, or someone at the top Of the hierarchy, and so, power was decentralized. The church rose to fill in this gap of leadership and stabilize this Mediterranean area. Politically, very little dated the same because there was no longer a Roman Empire but rather a feudal Europe.Europe probably turned to feudalism because it had no other option now that the political system collapsed. This area desperately needed to regain stability or otherwise turn to anarchy. As a result, Europe would have established a feudal system to prevent that from happening. Economically, agriculture and trade were the basis of Roman economy in 200 CE. They traded with surrounding regions which increased revenue for the Empire. They were also involved in long distance trade with China through he Silk Road.This allowed them to enjoy more luxuries such as silk that they could not create themselves. Overall, they had fair flung trade. After the fall of Rome, this area saw many economic continuities and chang es as it struggled to cope with worsened conditions. A major continuity was that farming and agriculture remained crucial. Trade shrank and became a barter economy which was one of the changes that took place. Some other changes include a more localized economy since cities shrank. Trade also shrank because there was no more long distance trade with the Chinese.Manorial rose and guilds Were developed. Economically, this Mediterranean region experienced changes and continuities alike as a result of the fall of Rome. Agriculture probably remained the basis of economy because it is unlikely that people would abandon their traditional farming techniques which began sedentary life in Europe first of all. Trade would have shrunk because chaos within the country made it very unlikely that they would be connected to foreign countries through trade. They had to get themselves in order before they could do business with other places.Finally, cities shrunk as a direct result of the fall of Rom e and could only be reinstated after stability in Europe was restored. Moreover, the political transformation of the fall of Rome in 476 CE contributed to social, political, and economic continuities and changes in the cultures of the Mediterranean region during the period be;en 200 CE and 1000 CE. Socially, there were still distinct social classes and a patriarchal society but women enjoyed more freedom after the fall of Rome than they did before because their roles would have increased in order to keep up with he barter community.

Support teaching and learning activities Essay Example

Support teaching and learning activities Essay Example Support teaching and learning activities Essay Support teaching and learning activities Essay The teacher will plan for the long and medium term planning, they may put time aside during the week to discuss the learning objectives for the lessons so that the support practitioner will have a clear understanding of what Is to be expected of the lesson and how to help the children achieve this. Working with Special Needs Children within the classroom setting they will have different learning objectives and will require extra support. During the planning a support practitioner should have the opportunities to give any input and suggestions into the lesson plan/learning objective as to any difficulties which may hinder the learning process. During an activity support practitioners should be observing and monitoring to give the teacher efficient feedback. Children should also be praised and given plenty of encouragement to help build up self-esteem and confidence. At the end of the lesson the support practitioner and the teacher should discuss whether the learning objectives for the lesson was successfully achieved and discuss any problems that arose. 03 Support Learning Castles Evaluate own strengths and weaknesses in relation to support learning 1. 2 and how these may impact on the support that can be provided. Activities be honest with yourself and others, make sure you evaluate achievements as well as failures, include all aspects of your work, and then always ask a colleague for help and advice if needed. Refle cting on your work will help to improve your own skills and also expand knowledge. Strengths Easily approachable Being adaptable Team work Willing to try anything new Working alone Patience Communication skills (good) Using resources to benefit learning Knowing your roles and responsibilities Asking for help Display work Weaknesses Sometimes can take a while to digest information (repetition needed) in subjects not strong in Dont always understand lesson plans Use of laptops, notebooks and computers on programs Im not familiar with Communication with correct terminology (sometimes get mixed up).

Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example justice system and on the offenders themselves, the options which are available for such offenders to be treated and corrected, how the psychiatric services, the community and other agencies can help to successfully combat the problem: are reviewed and solutions are sought in this paper. Hiday (p.508) states that there are three subgroups of persons with severe mental illness who come into contact with the criminal justice system: 1) Those committing only misdemeanor offences that often involve survival behaviors 2) Those with accompanying character disorders who also abuse alcohol and drugs, both of which contribute to their high rates of criminal offenses, arrests and incarceration 3) A much smaller subgroup who fit the stereotypical image of a severely disordered person driven to criminally violent actions by delusions. All three groups live in impoverished communities where it is difficult to survive with a major mental illness. After the failure of other social institutions, the criminal justice system is left to deal with the mentally ill person. Understanding federalism: the interaction among national, state and local governments becomes crucial to understanding mental health policy development. From the earliest days of the republic, mental health care was a sector operating in the intersection of state and local levels of government. The advent of Medicaid and Medicare in the 1960s, coupled with the national community mental health center (CMHC) program eventually created a major federal presence in financing mental health services. Yet the role of states and mental health communities within the mental health system continued alongside such initiatives, and in some ways was elaborated by the partnership required by some of the services (Rochefort: 467). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV), the term serious mental illness refers to diagnosable mental, behavioral or

Software Process Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Process Models - Essay Example this scenario, the hospital will be using this information system to keep a record of the patient, such as their personal information, information regarding their disease and so on. The software development team has decided to adopt prototyping model for the development of this information system. This approach will allow the software development team to build a prototype of the system in order that the users of the system could identify the working of the proposed system. Basically, the majority of system analysts nowadays makes use of prototypes all the way through the system design. A prototype is a functioning model of the planned system (Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000; Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). The system analyst basically constructs a useful structure of the solution throughout the design. Prototyping allows the software development team to develop a functional system quickly and reasonably for end users to weigh up. By communicating with the prototype users can search out an improved suggestion of the information requirements. The prototype authorized by the users can be used as a model to build the ultimate system. In this scenario, the prototype can be acknowledged as a functioning adaptation of software or an element of the software, but it is intended to be no more than a development model. Additionally, once prepared, the prototype will be additionally developed until it obeys the rules accurately to user’s requirements. Once the design has been completed, the prototype can be transformed into a sophisticated development system. The method of developing a foundational design, making use of it, refining it and trying again has been acknowledged an iterative method of systems development for the reason that the steps essential to develop a system can be repetitive over and over again (Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Whitten, Bentley, & Dittman, 2000). In addition, prototyping is further openly iterative than the traditional life cycle, and it

The Strategic Connotations of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Dissertation

The Strategic Connotations of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Performance and Sustainability of UK Banks - Dissertation Example This report declare that Corporate Social Responsibility has become an indispensable element amongst the current day business organizations. Over and above enhancing their operational and financial performances, it had become obligatory for the organizations to concentrate in the same way on social aspects such as, biodiversity, dearth of food and water, weather change, environmental safety, and poverty etc. This is owing to the fact that the various groups of stakeholders are keen to know how the business houses contribute to the overall society and lend a hand in the development of a sustainable planet, rather than concentrating merely on their business activities. This discusion explores that banks, amongst all the financial services organizations, have become increasingly proactive about corporate social responsibility activities owing to the pressures from the society as well as the government and other regulatory bodies. There are number of industry initiatives that endorse sustainable activities among banks, namely, Equator Principles, United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative, London Principles etc. These initiatives have been formulated to offer guiding principles and framework for banks to take up lending policies that are socially as well as environmentally sound. However, there are number of aspects that have been continuously discussed amongst researchers. These include, to what degree these initiatives have impacted the operations of the banks, what are the issues that impel the banks to pursue and take on these initiatives, whether these initiatives are only meant to guarantee long term success and improvement of bran d name and do not have much to do with participation in sustainable development. Thus, this would be appealing to evaluate how the social responsibility issues and initiatives influence the CSR activities of banks and how do these initiatives contribute to the accomplishment of the bank’s strategic goals and above all to its overall sustainable development. Research Objective The chief objective of this research is to identify the aspects of reaction of the UK based Banks to matters pertaining to sustainability by endowing with a clear comprehension of the present activities of the banking industry in terms of sustainability. To be specific, this research study would attempt to illustrate the sustainability issues that the banking industry is UK is encountering, assess the condition of the sustainable banking plans at the banking industry or organization levels of UK. The study would also evaluate the function of different stakeholders and their impact on sustainable banking in addition to assessing the impelling factors as well as the difficulties of sustainable banking in the UK banking industry. The research study wo

Innovation and The Sustainable Organisation Individual written Essay

Innovation and The Sustainable Organisation Individual written assignment - Essay Example cance to these aspects, this paper intends to explain the green technologies strategized by Toyota along with a literature review on the stated area of research. This paper also deals with fruitful ranking of the industry compared to its rivals from the global market based on the sales of the company. Toyota is currently reputed as among the most competitive business, which provides variety of vehicles with new models linked but entirely differentiated on dimension of financial services. The company is much credited for its ability to meet the needs of the customers, which has also empowered its competitive advantages, brewing talented employees valuing their innovative ideas. In its recent endeavors, Toyota has implemented an advanced set of green technologies for improving the lifestyle of the customers by providing them better eco-friendly services. The products produced by Toyota are also preferred for their good quality and new design approach, without compromising the comfort needs of its customers. Overall, these features help in grabbing the attention of customers (Deeppa & et. al., 2012). A major feature providing differentiating advantages to Toyota products is its use of green environmental technologies that also display the responsible attitude of the company towards its stakeholders. The company is also attaining competitive advantages by providing vehicles or cars based on the lifestyle choices of the modern environment and the market structure. Green technologies are thus required for the economic development of the company as well as to attain competitive advantages through greater sustainability of the products (Deeppa & et. al., 2012). Green technologies applied by Toyota also involve durable and comfortable designs, innovations and greater viability of the products that has significantly contributed to the overall development of the company. In accordance with several subject areas, green technologies can be identified as environmental science,

Result Analysis using Fast Clustering Algorithm

Result Analysis using Fast Clustering Algorithm Result Analysis using Fast Clustering Algorithm and Query Processing using Localized Servers. P.Jessy Abstract—This paper identifying records that produces compatible results using Fast Clustering Selection Algorithm. A selection algorithm may be evaluated from both the efficiency and effectiveness points of view. While the efficiency concerns the time required to find a record, the effectiveness is related to the quality of the record. The selection algorithm fetches the result with the help of register number. The Selection algorithm works in two steps. In the first step, the register number fetches the result from the server. The record for every individual will be obtained by hit method. The sender sends the request to the server. In the second step, the most representative record that is strongly related to target classes is fetched from database. The record fetches from the database by the register number. The string generation algorithm is guaranteed to generate the optimal result k candidates. We analyses the results of students using Selection Algorithm. We need to de fine compatible operation analogs by introducing max-min operation min-max operation. It automatically collects data from the web to enrich the result. The analysis of result for huge students make more time. The accuracy of the result has to be considered. We need to fetch the result individually by their register number. It leads to time inefficiency. In a proposed system, we obtain the result for a group of students. The Selection method fetches the result for a student according to their register number which is entered in between a range. The result for the student automatically fetched from the server. Once the result for the candidate has been fetched from the server, it stored in the client database. Then we sort the result of the student as group. It increases the accuracy and makes the efficient one. It reduces the burden of the people who analyze the result. The result analysis is performed within a short period. We can generate the report based on the GRADE system. Our experimental evaluation shows that our approach generates superior results. Extensive experiments on large real data sets demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness. Finally we sort the results of students using FAST CLUSTERING SELECTION algorithm. Index Terms FAST, Minmax Maxmin Operation. INTRODUCTION Students play a major role in Educational field.Students are evaluated under different categories: By choosing their institution, studying well, gaining good knowledge, and getting good marks. Result analysis of each student paves the way for their higher education as well as their improvement in future. Percentage marks prior to the grade scheme were converted into grades for ease of comparison. The reliability of the new scheme was again studied using statistical analysis of data obtained from both the old and new schemes. Some assessment schemes use a grading category index (GCI) instead of actual mark for each assessment criterion. GCIs usually have a smaller number of options to choose from when awarding results. For example, the GCI may gave eight levels with the highest being awarded to exceptional students and the lowest being awarded to students of inadequate performance. This reduced level of categories has been shown to result in less variability between assessors compare to systems which use marking ranges between 0 and 100. The Results of the students are analyzed using Fast Clustering Selection Algorithm. In this paper, we are analyzing the results of students using clustering methods with the help of filtering by introducing max-min operation min-max operation.The filter method is usually a good choice when the number of records is very large.The SELECTION algorithm works in two steps. In the first step, the register number fetches the result from the server. The record for every individual will be obtained by hit method. The sender sends the request to the server. In thesecond step,themost representative record that is strongly related to target classes is fetched from database.It consists of three components: query generation, and data selection and presentation.This approach automatically determinesinformation. It then automatically collects data fromthe web .By processing a large set of data; it is able to deal with more complex queries. In order to collect result, we need to generate informative queries. The queries have to be generated for every individual student.It increases the time to fetches the result and inefficiency. In order to overcome this, the queries are generated along with unique identification number i.e. register number. Based on the generated queries, we vertically collect image data with multimedia search engines.We then perform reranking a nd duplicate removal to obtain a set of accurate and representative results. 2. RELATED WORK Selection can be viewed as the process of identifying and removing as many irrelevant and redundant record as possible. This is because: (i) irrelevant records do not contribute to the predictive accuracy, and (ii) redundant features do not redound to getting a better predictor for that they provide mostly information which is already present. Selection focused on searching for relevant records. Irrelevant data, along with redundant data, severely affect the accuracy. Thus, selection should be able to identify and remove as much of the irrelevant and redundantinformation as possible. QUERY GENERATION To collect result from the web,we need to generate appropriate queries before performing search. We accomplish the task with two steps. The first step is query extraction. We needto extract a set of informative keywords from querying. The second step is query selection.This is because we can generate different queries: one fromretrieve, one from display, and one from the combinationof retrieve and display. In query generation, given an input string Qi, we aim to generate the most likely koutput strings sothat can betransformed from Qi and have the largest probabilities. DATA SELECTION AND PRESENTATION We perform search using the generated queries to collect the result of the student. The result of the student is fetched from the server by three processes. Before query generation, the register number for the students is fetched from the database. The register numbers are grouped based upon the department. The register number for each group is partitioned and stored as arrays of objects. In query generation, the register number is added with the query and it performs the request to server.The results are built upon text based indexing. Therefore, reranking is essential to reorder the initial text-based search results. A query-adaptivereranking approach is used for the selection of the result. We first decide whether a query is text related or image related, and then we use different features for reranking. Here we regard the prediction of whether a query is text related as a classification task.We can choose to match each query term with a result list. But it will not be easy tofind a complete list. In addition, it will be difficult to keep the list updated in time. We adopt a method that analyzes results. Thus, we perform a duplicate removal step to avoid information redundancy. The result which is fetched from the server may increases the time if there is large amount of data. To increases the time efficiency we need to process the query in a different manner. The results are grouped with the help of group id. EVALUATION OF QUERY GENERATION The generated query is first passed as a string to the server. The server searches the result with the register number. Once the result is found for the particular register number, the server sends the respond to the query client.Theresult received for a particular student is stored in the database with help of the register number. The results can be printed for a group of students by simply selecting the results from database with the group id. The group id is set for a group of students based upon their department id. The department id is a unique constraint for the identification of the record. In query generation the records are fetched from the server and stored in the client database by the department id and group id. EVALUATION OF RERANKING We use the query adaptive ranking to perform query classification and thenadopt query-adaptive reranking accordingly. It is our proposedapproach and it is denoted as â€Å"proposed†. After reranking, we perform duplicate removal and irrelevant removal of result. 3. ALGORITHM AND ANALYSIS The proposed FAST algorithm logically consists of two steps: (i) removing irrelevant record, (ii) removing redundant record. 1) Irrelevant records have no/weak correlation with target concept; 2) Redundant records are assembled in a cluster and a representative data can be taken out of the cluster. ALGORITHM For every result Calculate the average queue size(avg) ifminth { Calculateprobability pa With probability pa: ifregister no. is valid and if the result is not already fetched { Mark the result Send request to the sender and save the result } else Drop the request to the server } else if maxth Store the result in database Send acknowledgment to the server. Fig.1. gives the flowchart of the algorithm FAST Algorithm The FAST algorithm fetches the result of the student with the help of the register number. T F T F Fig.1. Flowchart of the algorithm FAST Algorithm The algorithm checks whether the given register number is valid or invalid. The register number is a collection of college code and student code. The college code is used to identify the result of the particular college. The FAST algorithm calculates the probability of finding the result of the student from the server. Then it identifies the results from the server using the request and response method. The avg SELECTIVITY OF RANGE QUERIES Selectivity estimation of range queries is a much harder problem. Several methods were available. However, they are only able to estimate the number of records in the range. None can be efficiently adapted to estimate the number of results in the range. One naive solution is to treat information as record by removing the irrelevant information. This clearly increases the space consumption significantly (and affects the efficiency) since the number of points is typically much larger than the number of existing nodes. When generating the query workload for ourdatasets we had to address two main challenges. We had to generate a workload,with an attribute distribution representing the user interests in a realistic way. Second, we had to create queries of theform attribute-value. Query reformulation involves rewriting the original query with its similar queries and enhancing the effectiveness of search. Most existing methods manage to mine transformation rules from pairs of queries in thesearch logs. One represents an original query and the other represents a similar query. 1) Select the length of the query l by sampling from a uniform probability distribution with lengths varying from 1 to 3. 2) Select an attribute A1 using the popularity that they have on the vector 3) Select the next attribute A2 using the co-occurrence ratio with the previous attribute A1. 4) Repeat from Step 2, until we get l different attributes. DATABASE SIZE EFFECT We check the effect of the size of the database on the precision of attribute suggestions and thenumber of query matches. We consider subsets of the database of documents of different sizes. As expected the proposed strategies increase their quality when weincrease the data size. The size of the result is based on the method of us storing it. We storing the data which is retrieved from sever to the client database which increases the time efficiency and minimum storage capacity. The results are stored in the database by the student register number which requires less storage and increases the efficiency of accessing the information. 4. CONCLUSION In this paper, we have presented a clustering-based selection algorithm for result analysis. The algorithm involves (i) removing irrelevantrecords, (ii) removing redundant record. We can do the result analysis but it makes more time to get the result of every student. For that we are using a selection algorithm which removes the redundancy of the result and using it we can fetch the result of large group of people. We have adopted a method to remove duplicates, but in many cases more diverse results may be better. In our future work, we will further improve the scheme, such as developing better query generation method and investigating the relevant segmentsfrom the result. 5. REFERENCES [1] Chanda P., Cho Y., Zhang A. and Ramanathan M., Mining of Attribute Interactions Using Information Theoretic Metrics, In Proceedings of IEEE international Conference on Data Mining Workshops, pp 350-355, 2009. [2] Y. Du, S. Gupta, and G. Varsamopoulos, â€Å"Improving On-Demand Data Access Efficiency in MANETs with Cooperative Caching,† Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 7, pp. 579-598, May 2009. [3] Biesiada J. and Duch W., Features election for high-dimensionaldataÅ‚a Pearson redundancy based filter, AdvancesinSoftComputing, 45, pp 242C249, 2008. [4] Garcia S and Herrera F., An extension on â€Å"Statistical Comparisons of Classifiers over Multiple Data Sets† for all pairwise comparisons, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 9, pp 2677-2694, 2008. [5] C. Chow, H. Leong, and A. Chan, â€Å"GroCoca: Group-Based Peer- to-Peer Cooperative Caching in Mobile Environment,† IEEE J. Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 179-191, Jan. 2007. [6] Demsar J., Statistical comparison of classifiers over multiple data sets, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7, pp 1-30, 2006. [7] L. Yin and G. Cao, â€Å"Supporting Cooperative Caching in Ad Hoc Networks,† IEEE Trans. Mobile Computing, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 77-89, Jan. 2006. [8] Butterworth R., Piatetsky-Shapiro G. and Simovici D.A., On Feature Selectionthrough Clustering, In Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE internationalConference on Data Mining, pp 581-584, 2005. [9] Fleuret F., Fast binary feature selection with conditional mutual Information, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 5, pp 1531-1555, 2004. [10] Dhillon I.S., Mallela S. and Kumar R., A divisive information theoretic feature clustering algorithm for text classification, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 3, pp 1265-1287, 2003. [11] Forman G., An extensive empirical study of feature selection metrics for text classification, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, pp 1289-1305, 2003. [12] Guyon I. and Elisseeff A., An introduction to variable and feature selection, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, pp 1157-1182, 2003. [13] M. Korupolu and M. Dahlin, â€Å"Coordinated Placement and Replacement for Large-Scale Distributed Caches,† IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Eng., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1317-1329, Nov. 2002. [14] Das S., Filters, wrappers and a boosting-based hybrid for feature Selection, In Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 74-81, 2001. [15] Dougherty, E. R., Small sample issues for microarray-based classification. Comparative and Functional Genomics, 2(1), pp 28-34, 2001. [16] S. Dykes and K. Robbins, â€Å"A Viability Analysis of Cooperative Proxy Caching,† Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2001. [17] Bell D.A. and Wang, H., A formalism for relevance and its application in feature subset selection, Machine Learning, 41(2), pp 175-195, 2000. [18] Dash M., Liu H. and Motoda H., Consistency based feature Selection, In Proceedings of the Fourth Pacific Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 98-109, 2000. [19] Hall M.A., Correlation-Based Feature Selection for Discrete and Numeric Class Machine Learning, In Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 359-366, 2000. [20] Baker L.D. and McCallum A.K., Distributional clustering of words for text classification, In Proceedings of the 21st Annual international ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in information Retrieval, pp 96- 103, 1998.

Sunspots Essay -- Essays Papers

Sunspots Our Sun continuously converts hydrogen into helium and with this process it provides the essentials for life processes. In doing this it controls â€Å"our climate, provides light, raises tides, and drives the food chain† (Schaefer 34). Our Sun also has influenced many beliefs now and in the past. History has documented Sun worshipping religions while many current societies use solar calendars (Schaefer 34). Because the Sun is so influential, imperfections of the Sun, such as sunspots will continue to impact life on Earth. The discovery of sunspots is correlated with the invention of the telescope in 1608, although there are earlier recordings of sunspot like activity from China (Schaefer 35). Galileo was one of the astronomers who decided to publish his findings and use sunspots in one of his theories of Chief World Systems (Schaefer 35-6). Today many patterns including real estate sales to fluctuations in the climate have been attributed to the cycle of sunspots. These fluctuations may be an explanation of the decline of Sun worship in India due the increased sunspot activity during the time of the Medieval Maximum. Throughtout history these fluctuations have been omens (e.g. a slave revolutionists incited a riot when he interpreted the site of a large black area on the Sun as the black taking over the white) (Schaefer 38). There are also modern examples of solar fluctuations affecting the Earth like the delayed launch of the Hubble Telescope (Schaefer 38) and the disruptions in electrical and radio technology during solar flares due to increased activity of sunspots at the last solar maximum in 1989. Sunspots are the most apparent features on the Sun’s surface or photosphere. Anyone could use a filter such as a welder’s helmet to observe groups of sunspots. A sunspot consists of two regions, the umbra and the penumbra. The temperature of the umbra can be as low as 4,000 K and the penumbra that surrounds the umbra has a temperature of about 5,500 K which contrasts to the photospheric temperature of 6,000 K. The difference in temperatures makes the sunspots appear dark against the brightness of the photosphere (Nicolson 123). A sunspot’s average size is comparable with the Earth. They form in regions of concentrated magnetic fields. These fields hamper the flow of energyn to the affected area. The magnetic fields on... .... This project will hopefully enable scientists to learn more about sunspots and other properties of the Sun. Understanding more about sunspots, their cycle, radiation, and magnetic properties will facilitate scientists to unlock the mysterious workings of the Sun. With today’s technology this understanding will come more quickly. Knowledge of sunspots may lead us to be able to predict when solar activity could affect the Earth like it did during the solar max in 1989. Information like this could eventually allow us to be able to protect ourselves from solar radiation. Works Cited â€Å"Analyzing Variation in the Sun’s Radiation†. USA Today. 26 2637 (1998) : 11-12. Nehru, K.V.K. Glimpses Into the Structure of the Sun—Part 1 The Nature of Stellar Matter. March 22, 2001. . Nehru, K.V.K. Glimpses Into the Structure of the Sun—Part 2 The Solar Interior and the Sunspot. March 22, 2001. Nicolson, Iain. Unfolding Our Universe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 123-4; 276+ Philips, Tony Dr. â€Å"The Sun Does a Flip.† SpaceScience. Feb. 15, 2001. March 19, 2001. . Schaefer, Bradley E. â€Å"Sunspots that changed the World.† Sky & Telescope. 93.4 (1997). 34-38.

Analysis Essay

There are various static, such as active listening skills used by negotiators to hopefully reason with hostage takers and get them to surrender. In The 1972 Olympic Terrorist Attack. Negotiators wasted time and gave no positive results which led the terrorists to believe that negotiators didn't take hem seriously. In the end many people died and the terrorists won because Black September forced the Germans to release the three terrorists that were apprehended. â€Å"The Attica Prison Riot of 1971 alarmed and outraged society. The public outrage brought about long overdue prison reforms including changes to public policy and administration.The riot began on September 9, 1971 and ended on September 13, 1971 when state police stormed the prison and opened fire. † It is obvious that the prisoners at the Attica prison were determined to have their demands met or at least get their points across to the right officials, who would in turn make changes at the prison. The inmates wanted better living conditions, fair wages, better treatment, and religious freedom. One may believe that criminals should be treated like caged animals because they have omitted criminal offense, but in reality prisons are human and deserve to be treated as such (Adkins, 2011).What turned the riot into a disaster was the fact that Governor Nelson Rockefeller was unwilling to allow proper negotiations to defuse the situation. Instead, the Governor ordered an assault which took the lives of several prisoners and law enforcement officers. Nearly 40 people died at the command of one person, who refused to compromise with the Inmates. The negligence of Governor Nelson Rockefeller cost many people their lives and the loved ones of these people also suffered (Rosenberg, 2014).A trained negotiation's team should have been In place to negotiate with the Inmates for the safety of the employees who were taken hostage. There's a possibility that If the Governor was willing to pay attention to the I nmate's demands and assure them that some form a change may have been possible, then all of those people wouldn't have died In such a tragic manner during the riot. The Governor obviously had no regard for human life when he ordered law enforcement officers to take back the prison. The assault cost 8 the riot and the assault caught the attention of the Government and the public.Some of the demands of the prisoners may have been unreasonable, but the situation could've been handled a lot better than it was that day. â€Å"Black Septembers demands in the Munich attack: the release of more than 200 Palestinian guerrillas held in Israeli Jails, along with the release of German Red Army members Andrea Beaded and Laurie Inform, held in German prison. † The Germans failed at each attempt to use assault on the terrorists. There was either a leak in the plans to attack or the Germans lacked the knowledge needed to pull this off.The terrorist found out about the plans by watching telev ision and it mess that these terrorists outsmarted the Germans each time. The Germans knew that the demands of the terrorists were unreasonable and impossible, but there were no tactics used to save the lives of the hostages. Properly trained negotiators would not have allowed this particular crisis to go down the way that it did causing nine hostages to die. Trained negotiation's teams are now available to handle crisis situations in and outside of prisons and if things are done properly an event like the Attica Riot will continue to be a thing of the past.The crisis negotiator would be able to monomaniac with the hostage takers to get to the root of the problem, secure the hostages, and possibly end the crisis without fatalities. Prisons now act out crisis situations involving the taking of hostages in order to be prepared if a duplicate of the Attica Riot would somehow take place. The acting scene is a necessary part of training for Corrections Officers employed by the prisons. T he Germs used time which only delayed the killings of the hostages by the terrorists and at the end it shows that there was no way out for these innocent victims.

Open Work Space Research Essay

The Study Recently in the work space, there seems to be a shift from this traditional cubicle style to a more open environment for the employees. This shift has me questioning why are innovative companies shifting towards this more open environment? It seems that these companies are looking not only for a change in scenery, but a change in the how there employees utilize the environment.During this study, I will use a variety of sources in order to understand a comma NYSE work space environment and other information pertaining the architectural design of a company. The questions especially want to explore are: How does the open workspace effect the collaboration between employees? How does this work space attempt to foster an environment for creativity and innovation? Informational Sources The sources have used ranged from a variety of places.The information I collected from Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group was a large group interview which was required for a summer class where we studied cultures of creativity in Detroit, Michigan. These two interviews took place on August 24, 2013. The large group interview also included a tour of both companies to actually see the working environment firsthand. Field notes were also taken to help record detailed descriptions of the environment at both companies. Another source used for this research included an online magazine called 991. . This magazine publishes research in a condensed and easy to understand format for the general public. It described research on how to build a collaborative work space. I read this to help better my understanding of what a collaborative work space might look like and what re some key components for a creative work space. Also watched a video created by Wall Street Journal on Google's New York work space because, have never been there. This video allowed me to visually see the environment where Google employees work.Another source utilized was a prCICS completed from an article called Building Research and Information. It included research done in this area which helped me orient myself with prior research already completed on this topic. Previous Research Completed on Work Space Environment One research prCICS I looked at included the importance of collaboration in the work space. They looked at three behaviors that contribute to effective collaboration: â€Å"awareness, brief interaction, and collaboration (working together)† (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 2).This term awareness means to understand what is going on in the environment around you. You are able to process this through â€Å"spatial features that promote awareness† and organizational factors that allow you to see other employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, pars. 4-5). They noted Some benefits to this ‘high awareness' Were rapid information sharing and ability to recognize when other employees were struggling Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 6). However there are some concerns for ‘high awareness' in a collaborative environment also.It can be distracting, noisy from employees talking, and create a loss of privacy for the workers (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 7). Another term discussed was ‘brief interactions' which means unplanned and short discussions you have with other employees. This results in â€Å"spatial features that promote interaction† and organizational factors that allow you to run into other employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, pars. 9-10). Some benefits include improved information flow, increased learning, and increased development Of friendships (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 1). There are, however, some drawbacks which include a high potential for stress, an increase in distractions, and the potential for over communicating with employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 12). The ot her term discussed in the prCICS was collaboration. Collaboration in the work space can result in organizational factors that allow employees to work in project rooms (Hangmen, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, ears. 18-19). Some benefits from these project rooms are quicker answers, access to other team members, and better project tracking (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 0). Despite these benefits, there are some concerns including the possibility for information overload, a shorter amount of time on certain tasks, and less privacy for employees (Hearing, Compromisers, Powell, and Loftiness, par. 21). Evaluating Google and Two Outside Innovative Companies Google is the company which typifies an open work space concept. However, I needed to use Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group in Detroit, Michigan because they were local and accessible. Both of these companies were much smaller than Google.However, there are innovative and utilize the open work space con cept. Google is known for their web search engine and try to make information easily accessible to the users. The Google New York campus occupies an entire floor and parts of other floors in a building covering an entire â€Å"city block in Manhattans Chelsea neighborhood† (Alter, par. 7). This campus has grown from around 2,000 employees to nearly 3,000 and hiring in the areas of media and advertising (Jordan). Due to the arrival of additional employees, the newly hired have had to move from floor to floor (Jordan).In this campus as opposed to Silicon Valley, it is less tech focused and gives the employees a more natural working environment (Jordan). Google's competitive and innovative nature attracts many young employees to their company. Despite Google's great benefits, there is still a high turnover rate, which means they have a limited amount of time with their employees. Kidders Studio is an innovative company which is a part Of the creative community in Detroit, Michig an. Since 1 959, Kidders Studio has earned a beatable name for solving problems with designs.They started off solving problems by designing logos for the automotive companies in Detroit. In 201 1, Kidders moved to their new location on Broadway Street near the Detroit Tigers Stadium. Their diverse team of 25 office employees design logos and websites for advertisements, but their goal is to create the extraordinary (Patrick). They started with 16 employees and are looking to expand to 35 employees. Some of their biggest clients are Dave and Buster's, Detroit Tigers, and Andiron Restaurant. At Kramer Design Group in Detroit, they specialize in designing the interiors of buildings.There are about 18 to 28 people that work at the office, because there are only 28 desks available. When they work with their clients, they focus on creating a particular environment in order to invoke a certain feeling (Kramer). They strive for listening to the client. However, sometimes the client does not know what they want until you show it to them. This company provides swatches of materials to help visualize the production or prototype built. They are known for creating traditional architecture, hotels, and presidential lofts. They have completed such projects in Detroit like theMadison Building, Broodier Towers, and Whitney Building (Kramer). Kramer Design Group is starting to pick up some business throughout the state. Kramer Design Group and Kidders Studio Work Space Company ices are redesigning offices in order to get a more spacious working environment for their employees. This open work space is intended to foster creativity and innovation. Designing a place to enhance creativity takes a lot of work not only on the companies half, but on the architects half as well. It is important the architect works in collaboration with their client to create a specific environment.In this case, the architect needs to create an environment that is not only functional to the employees, b ut pleasing to the customer. Open office spaces seem to fuel this creativity through the collaboration of diverse groups of people, the flexibility of the work space, and the atmosphere of the room with numerous examples from Detroit, Machine's Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group. A key component to this creativity and innovation is allowing the mixture of diverse groups of people to work together in an open area.To define diverse, this word is meant to describe how individuals with various job titles and functions can ark cohesively together. Providing people an open environment encourages informal connections to be made and ideas to be bounced off one another (Patrick). For example, at Kidders Studio, their work place fosters an environment where colleagues can collaborate with each other (Patrick). The studio is set up with no doors on any of the offices, even the Coo's office. Over the years, the company has developed this process to be successful.During their meetings, they encourage administrative workers, designers, marketers, and writers to brainstorm ideas for projects (Patrick). These brainstorming sessions involve everyone in the company to work on a project where titles mean nothing (Patrick). Sometimes, disagreement can be a bad thing. But it has become a useful tool because, it encourages ideas to be explored and defended by the creator (Patrick). The end result is a better thought out solution which provides the customer with an outstanding product.Creating flexibility in the work space seems to be another crucial element which allows this creativity and innovation to flourish. Kramer Design Group utilizes the portability and disability of the room to create an environment where creativity is maximized. The portable chairs in the lunch space allow the user to rearrange the space. The emphasis on designing a flexible work space allows people to freely converse amongst one another (Kramer). It also gives the workers an environment which allows easy access to coworkers (Kramer).Some of the offices have glass walls to give the illusion of a more open space (Kramer). One thing that stands out is there are few private offices. Private offices close workers off from the company and do not allow for ideas to be exchanged while the open spaces help stimulate creativity. In an open space, the atmosphere plays an important role in the minimization of creativity and innovation. Kramer Design Group's office is designed with a level of sophistication and professionalism to illustrate their knowledge in the design field (Kramer).The minute you step into the office, it is meant to create a feeling bigger than meets the eye. There is wall to wall glass to give an expansive feeling to the area and it makes the ceiling appear taller (Kramer). In the hallway, there are columns spaced equal distances apart and a white strip on the carpet to give the illusion of a never ending hall (Kramer). Even the lighting plays into the comfortable ambia nce of the room with their modern looking lights which use some incandescent lighting. Their office provides a creative, yet comfortable environment.It allows their employees to think freely in the office with the respect of their fellow colleagues. Google's Innovative Design Google's New York campus has a similar goal in their office design like Kidders Studio and Kramer Design Group. â€Å"All of the design is meant to encourage interaction between structurally separate teams† (Jordan). By implementing this open work space, it influences the way groups of Google's collaborate. Google's intention by using an open work space is to create an environment specifically for the interaction between the workers.A fun design plan Google's architects implemented is the vertical ladder chutes between floors, because the elevators are never known to be on time. This vertical ladder chute promotes unplanned collaborations (Alter, par. 7). Another touch Google added was giving the employe es a bag to place their laptop in while climbing up the ladder (Jordan). This bag helped Google's minimize the chance of dropping their laptops. When workers causally intermingle, it encourages informal connections to be made among colleagues. Senior software engineer, Mike Labels moved from Google's Silicon Valley to Google's New York campus.At Google's Silicon Valley, their offices are created as an individual place with their own unique perks and specific design, which help the worker relate to their environment Road). Since Labels has transferred to Google's New York office, he feels that coming to work here you will not mistake you are in some room at an ordinary building; you will know you are at Google in New York (Jordan). It seems Google's New York office has created their own city within their building. Even some of their conference rooms are designed as a New York apartment to create a close environment for colleagues to collaborate within.Directly outside these conferenc e rooms, it is setup like city with a fire hydrant, subway grates on the floor, and a narrow hallway with a cityscape on the wall (Jordan). This use of schematics throughout areas of their building makes it seem like the real New York City outside of the building. Collaboration is a good thing, but too much can also be a bad thing sometimes. There are many places to get away from the hustle and bustle of the office area. These areas include a reflecting room, a library, a private hone booth, and more. The library is dotted with Victorian photos from Star Wars hanging on the walls (Jordan).There are also secret door bookcases leading to refection or reading rooms (Jordan). Throughout the library are many books to help employees on coding, programming and working with different types of computers (Jordan). One of the coolest features is the virtual wall of books where employees can download books to their phones (Jordan). Theses rooms are meant to give the workers a place to escape to when they get stressed at work. Google jobs can cause high stress because Of all the work demands. They can stop by the library and pick out a book or even download one from the virtual wall.By creating this comfortable environment, it gives the employees a place to relieve their stress. Regional facilities manager, Laura Gimped mentioned with groups growing in Google how proprieties and juxtaposition effect the workers interactions (loran). Laura understands generally information and ideas are shared with co-workers who are nearby. This is part of the reason that Google has positioned their offices no more than 150 feet away from food to enhance informal interactions between its employees. So at any office location there s a micro-kitchen, a restaurant, or cafeteria nearby.This place encourages fellow Google's to go grab a bite to eat whenever and where ever they may be in the building (Jordan). Their set up enables employees to â€Å"bump into coworkers from different teams with in the† work space (Alter, par. 8). She has taken into account the growth of the company with an eye towards this idea of casual collision in the work space (Jordan). This allows fellow Google's to have the opportunity to discuss an idea with someone they normally do not work with (Jordan). Some of the greatest ideas are inspired from unexpected inventions between people.Findings Coming from an architectural background has enabled me to see rooms differently from other people. However, after this research, I was able to look at a room and see the choices and decisions the architect had to make in designing the room. For example, their placement of furniture, walls, doors and windows in a room plays a critical role in how the work space is used. The way an architect designs a room actually plays an important role for what the customer ultimately wants. Each of the companies I research ultimately had a similar goal through using the open work space concept.Kidder's goals was to create the extraordinary through logos and design. Their office design fostered their employees to be creative. Kramer Design Group specialized in interior designing. Their open work space also did the same by providing their employees with a creative environment. Both of these places were designed, so the employees interacted regularly in order to get their ideas. Through my research even though did not actually visit, Google, the above examples helped me visualize what I could not see at Google. I have come to greater appreciate the open work space concept and its purpose atGoogle is to maximize its employees creativity. Through my research on open work spaces at Google, I have come to understand the choices the architects had to make while designing Google's New York office. They choose to design the environment with many unique features to enhance the collaboration between employees. I have now come to see that through creating an open work space it results in good ideas from em ployees. Essentially, these good ideas are able to be obtained through creating these unexpected conversations and casual collisions. This new understanding can help companies understand ways to obtain ideas from their employees.Through creating this type of environment similar to Google, companies will be able to design an environment to maximize the productivity of workers. Conclusion Google is known as the gold standard for innovation and creativity. Their architects have used the open work space to help them achieve this goal. Through the design of the open work space, Google's from different teams or backgrounds bump into each other casually throughout the day. The intent is for these Google's to discuss an idea with someone they may not work with daily. This chance interaction may be the catalyst for a new and creative idea.This new open work space approach is intended to inspire its employees and support creativity where new ideas can be developed and new discoveries made. Fu rther Questions If another research paper was completed, it may be interesting to see how other innovative companies like Apple, Paxar, and Twitter are set up in regards to their work space design. It would be interesting to see how these companies layout their work space, because there could be similar correlations to how their employee's collaborate like Google. In order to answer this question, you would need to look at the interactions between the errors of the company.Since work spaces are always being remodeled by companies, it would be interesting to track innovative companies over the next five year to see how their work space changed over time. It would be ideal to interview employees throughout the change of the work space to see how it has effected them. It may be interesting to also speak to the management to determine whether there were more ideas generated in the newer work space than in the current type work space. This could help understand the reason behind why comp anies design a creative environment for their workers.